My Semester 2 Presentation
Monday, 11 January 2016
Saturday, 31 October 2015
The background reading of Ania Loomba's book Colonialism/Postcolonialism.
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* The background
reading of Ania Loomba's book Colonialism/Postcolonialism.
Name : Radha B. Ghevariya
Std. : M.A. SEM-3
Sub : The Colonialism and Postcolonialism
Roll no : 22
Topic : The background reading of Ania Loomba's book Colonialism/Postcolonialism.
Topic : The background reading of Ania Loomba's book Colonialism/Postcolonialism.
Submitted to : Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English
Introduction
First of all I have two question
about my topic,
1)what is Colonialism?
The control and governing
influence of a nation over a dependent country , territory , or people.
2) what is Postcolonialism?
The postcolonialism is the study of a culture after the physical
and or political withdrawal of an oppressive power.
Now let us discuss
about the more view about the Colonialism and Postcolonialism . Colonialism is
a dialect process. It's divided into two parts colonizer and colonized.
Colonizer gives identity crises. We have to power to choose the Identity and
also colonizer is a collaborated exerciser. It's like a master/slave relation.
At last we can say that the idea about the colonialism is ambivalence. However
, we all are colonizer because far colonialism still exists with the power.
*Roots of Colonialism/Postcolonism
There is no much difference between
colonialism / postcolonialism. The colonialism and postcolonialism began with
the ending of 20th century or after post-war but, actually it's roots were in
the Columbus’s arrival for the new found land and with the vasco-de-gama.
"Colonialism
and postcolonialism is a comprehensive yet accessible guide to the historical and theoretical dimensions of
colonial and postcolonial studies"
* Colonial and Postcolonial Writers
' Lenin and
Philosophy'
-Althusser (1971)
- Chinua Achebe
- Ashcroft
- Griffiths(1995)
- Baudrillard
- Homi K. Bhabha
- Cessaire
- Gayatri
Chakravorty Spiva
-
Franz Fanon
-
Gramusci
-
Mahasweta Devi
-
Shashi Tharu
-
Thiongo
Etc...... .......
Ania Loomba
Ania Loomba is Catherine Bryson
professor of English at the University of Pennsylvania. Her recent publication
include,
- Postcolonial
studies and Beyond(2005)
- Shakespeare ,
Race and Colonialism(2002)
- Gender, Race , Renaissance drama
Etc..........
The word
colonialism according to oxford English dictionary comes form the Roman word
'Colonia' which means 'farm' or 'settlement' and referred to romans who settled
in other lands but still retained their citizenship.
According the OED,
" A settlement
in new country ..... a body of people who settle in new locality, forming a
community subject to or connected with their parent state; the community so
formed , consisting of the original settlers and their descendants and
successors, as long as the connection with the parent state is kept up"
-Ania
Loomba's (colonialism and postcolonialism)[second edition]
Colonialism was
not an identical process in different parts of the world but everywhere it
looked the original inhabitants and the newcomers into the most complex and
traumatic relationships in human history. For Example:
The Tempest
- Shakespeare
The Tempest as a work
under the umbrella of postcolonial literary theory. However , is looking at the
work within the field that it has inspired. The colonialism / postcolonialism
it's based on language , race, gender , attitude economy they all are those
thing decides that one is 'superior' another is 'Inferior'.
* Ania Loomba's
Views about Colonialism / Postcolonialism (Ania Loomba)
The colonialism is
the roman who settle in other land it means the physical occupation of territory
and the postcolonialism is the awareness of the social , psychological and
cultural inferiority enforced on a colonized state. The book
'Colonialism/Postcolonialism' second edition. In the beginning of the book some
critic given the view about the colonialism/ postcolonialism like that,
"Loomba is a
keen and canny critic of ever-shifting geopolitical realities and
colonialism/postcolonialism remains a primer for the academic and common reader
alike"
-Antoinette Burton , Department of History ,
university of Illinois
The book
'colonialism/postcolonialism' by Ania Loomba’s divided into main three parts
like,
1) chapter-1
Colonial and postcolonial studies,
Imperialism , neo-colonialism, colonial discourse , colonialism and knowledge,
colonialism and literature.
2) chapter-2
About the colonial and postcolonial
Identities, Race ,class and gender ,sexuality, hybridity , constricting racial
and cultural difference.
3)chapter-3
About the challenging colonialism ,
nationalism, pan-nationalism , feminism, can the subaltern speak? ,
post-modernism and postcolonial studies. And at last the globalization and the
future of postcolonial studies.
* Imperialism
The Imperialism is
connected with Empire. The imperial as pertaining to empire and the direct rule
is important for imperialism. This is somewhat misleading because imperialism ,
like colonialism, stretches back to a pre-capitalist past.
For Example:
Imperial Russia was
pre-capitalist , as was Imperial Spain.
The OED define
'Imperial' as 'pertaining to empire' and 'Imperialism' as the rule of an
emperor especially when despotic or arbitrary.
* Neo-Colonialism / Neo- Imperialism
The word neo-colonialism
known as neo-Imperialism are used to describe these situations. We can also see
that imperialism is the highest stage of colonialism Imperialism is defined as
a political system in which an imperial center governs colonized countries.
Then the granting of political independence signals the end of Empire. The
collapse of imperialism. The Imperialism and colonialism the differences
between them are defined differently depending in their historical mutations.
One useful way of distinguishing between them might be to separate them not in
temporal but in spatial terms and to think of imperialism or neo-imperialism as
the phenomenon that originates in the metropolis. The process which lead to
domination and control.
* Colonial Discourse
Colonial Discourse it is connected with the power. Orientalism
uses the concept of discourse to re-order the study of colonialism. Foucault he
also wishes to concept them to structures of thought and to the working of
power.
"The authority
of academics, institutions, and governments.... most important such text can
create.......not only knowledge but also the very reality they appear to
describe in time such knowledge and reality produce a tradition or what Michael
Foucault calls a discourse whose material presence or weight , not the
originality of a given author , is really responsible for the text produced out
of it"
- Edward
Said’s (1978-99)
Even 'colonial
discourse' theory 1980 about Homi Bhabha given hid views that it's also dealt
with the hybridity , ambivalence and mimicry.
* Colonial Literature
Accordingly the relationship between colonialism and literature was not,
anthill recently dealt with by literary criticism still recent attention to the
relationship between literature and colonialism has provoked serious
reconsiderations of each of these terms. First, literature's pivotal role in
both colonial and anti-colonial discourses has began to be explored.
For Example:
"The
Tempest"
-William Shakespeare
"Othello"
- William Shakespeare
Plays such as Othello
and the tempest thus evoke contemporary ideas about the bestiality or
incivility of non-Europeans.
- Does Othello serve as a warning against inter-racial love, or an
indictment of the society which does not allow it?
-Does The Tempest endorse Prospero view of caliban as a bestial savage ,
or does it depict the dehumanization of colonial rule?
Both plays have been interpreted and
taught in ways that endorse colonialist ways that endorse colonialist ways of
seeing but both have also inspired anti-colonial and anti-racist movements and
literatures as texts that expose the working of colonialism. The study of
colonialism in relation to literature and of literature in relation to
colonialism has thus opened up important new ways of looking at both. Even more
important perhaps is the way in which recent literary and critical theory has
influenced social analysis.
* Race
The modern discourse of 'Race'
was the product of western science in the 18th century. 'Race' how became the
part of colonialism/postcolonialism that Ania Loomba discussed through the term
'Race'.
- " Descent of Man"(1871)
-Darwin
In his 'Descent of Man' Darwin wrote :
" Extinction
follows chiefly from the competition of tribe with tribe, and race with
race.......... when civilized nations come into contact with barbarians the
straggle is short"
- quoted by Young
(1995-18)
* Class
Class and caste
system always creates differences in the human beings.
"My Beautiful
Laudrett"
- Hanif Kureishi's
(film)
In film 'My Beautiful
Laudrett' in which white working employer that as a non-white he shouldn't
evict his Caribbean tenant. The landlord
replies ;
" I am a professional businessman
Not a professional Pakistani"
In this film how the
connected think like professional businessman and professional Pakistani and
also this example proves that the contextual language also became the question
of class conscious and Race discrimination.
* Colonialism &Psychoanalysis
The
effect of colonialism also creates vast influenced on the mind of the people.
" Black skin,
White mask"
- Frantz Fanon
The book look at the
what goes through the minds of blacks band white under the conditions of white
rule and strange effect that especially on black people.
* Sexuality
The sexuality of black
men and especially that of black women becomes an icon for deviant sexuality in
general: thus black women are constructed in terms of animals, lesbians
and prostitutes ; conversely the deviant
sexuality of white women is compared with blackness :
" The
primitive is black and the qualities of blackness , or at least of the black
female, are those of the prostitute"
For Example:
" Waste
Land"
-
T.S.Eliot
" Black skin,
White mask"
- Frantz Fanon
In which common
people always had to suffered just because either to fulfilled their desire or
need.
* Hybridity
Postcolonial studies
have been preoccupied with issues of hybridity creolisation and mestizaje ,
Hybridity is always problematic also hybridity is journey from biological to
cultural discussions.
* Nationalism/ Pan-Nationalism
The idea of nation is
itself paradox. The idea of nation is imagination also nation is always
change.Aurobindo talk about the different idea of nation Homi Bhabha says that
"Nation is mind of Constractef"and when we believe in the idea of
'nation' became 'imperialism'. When we imagine 'India' is our country and
mother land. In that time invisible one more view also comes out with it. There
is 'other' also which is different from 'mother land' that's very living
example of 'Nationalism' and 'Pan-Nationalism'.
For Example:
" The
Tempest"
"A
Tempest"
-William Shakespeare
* Feminism / Postcolonialism
Feminism also
becomes part of the 'colonialism'. Ania Loomba talk about the one example like,
women . The educated women is represented as becoming a mob teacher or English
women but who is don't careful about her home child and her husband. In the
feminism and pseudo-feminism is also the representation of postcolonialism.
Power does not emanate from some
central or hierarchical structure but flows through society in a sort of
capillary action:
"Power is
every where’s not because it embrace everything;
But because it comes from
everywhere"
-Foucault (
1990-93)
The one feminist argue of
Foucault at the idea of power is rendered so diffuse that it cannot be either
understood or challenged.
* Can the Subaltern Speak?
Can the subaltern
speak? This idea given by Gayatri
Spivak. In 'Can the Subaltern Speak?' (1985) Spivak suggest that it is
impossible for as to recover that voice of the 'subaltern' or oppresses
colonial subject.
"The subaltern
cannot speak there is no virtue in global laundry lists with 'woman' as a pious
item. Representation has not withered away the female intellectual has a
circumscribed task which she must not disown with a flourish"
- Gayatri Spivak
(1988:308)
Spivak effectively warns
the postcolonial critic against Romanizing and homogenizing the subaltern
subject. However, her insistence on subaltern 'Silence' is problematic if
adopted as the definitive statement about colonial relations also subaltern is
connected with speech.
For Example:
"A
Tempest"
- William Shakespeare
The character of
'caliban' caliban speaking subaltern but it is empowered subaltern.
* Globalization
The last point
of view about the globalization and thr future of postcolonial studies.
Globalization can't using concepts like margins centers. But , today social
networking also become much helpful in
to understand the process of 'Globalization' in context of colonialism/
postcolonialism.
* Conclusion
In conclude , Ania
Loomba defined the term Colonialism/ Post colonialism. She talks about the
various discourse like, Imperialism, Globalization,
Nationalism/pan-nationalism, Feminism/ postcolonialism , Race, class,
Hybridity, Sexuality, etc........ here, i put the my view about the simple way
in the colonialism / postcolonialism ideas.
Works Cited
Ania Loomba. "colonialism/
postcolonialism." Ania Loomba. COLONIALISM / POST-COLONIALISM SECOND
EDITION. New Yourk: Routledge, n.d. 7-204.
what is Sociolinguistic ?
TO Evaluate My Assignment Click Here
Name : Radha B. Ghevariya
Std. : M.A. SEM-3
Sub : ELT
Roll no : 22
Topic : what is Sociolinguistic ?
Topic : what is Sociolinguistic ?
Submitted to : Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English
what is Sociolinguistic ?
Introduction( The University of Sheffield)
The word ‘sociolinguistics’ it means the ‘sociolinguistic is context of speech
ability’. the linguistic it means the science of language. we all know that we
learn to sociolinguistic in the context of L2. what is sociolinguistics ? An
MLC-er Weighs in :
“The study of how people use language in their
everyday lives sociolinguistics looks at how identities are manifested through
the words we use and how, through language we create, maintain and disrupt
relationship with others”
Sociolinguistic is the study of the relationship between Language and Society.
The term sociolinguistics can help us understand why we speak differently in
various social context and also help uncover the social relationship in a community.
“Sociolinguistics
examines the relationship between language use and social world how language
operates within and create social structure in society”
For Example:
we all know that in our routine life we all speak free form the all the think
and whenever speak in different languages. but we probably would not speak same
to your boss at work as you would your friend or we speak to stranger as you
would to your family.
we studies in sociolinguistic common place observations that everyone does not
speak a language in the same way our speech to accommodate our audience. and
that we recognize members and non our communities via speech.
sociolinguistic may also wonder whether women and men speak the same
as each other. but I have question that why do people the same age or
from the same social class or same ethnicity use similar language ? but at that
time in my mind one idea about the term sociolinguistics. it is ultimately
although it means SOCIOLINGUISTICS IS EVERYWHERE !!!!!!!
Sociolinguistics studies
have looked at speech communities based on social categories such as age, class
ethnicity, gender, geography, profession and sexual identity. to be sure such
categories are fluid: they exist only in context and rather than standing
independent of speech are generally produced through it. in short, these
categories exist largely as a matter of social perception.
“sociolinguistics is
concerned with language in social and cultural context, especially how people
with different social identities(e.g. gender, race, class etc..) speak and how
their speech change in different situations”
To all these questions there are two different approaches of sociolinguistics:
1) Micro-sociolinguistics
2) macro-sociolinguistics
Now let us discuss about the approaches of sociolinguistics.
1)Micro-sociolinguistics
Micro-sociolinguistics as a linguistics dimension of society.
micro-sociolinguistics refers to research with a linguistic slant, often
focusing on dialect and stylistic \ register variation. the micro it means the
deeper sociolinguistic study. also they both Quantitative and
Qualitative research methods have been employed to explore such
linguistic phenomena as Phonological differences between dialect or discourses
between male and female speaker column refers to micro-sociolinguistics
as ‘social dimensions of language’.
2)Macro-sociolinguistics
Macro-sociolinguistics looks at the behavior of entire speech communities
exploring issue such as why immigrant communities retain their native
language ages in some social contexts but note in others, or how social
identity can effect language choice.
The coming together of micro-sociolinguistics in a narrow sense and
macro-sociolinguistics of language , we have tools and questions of particular
interest to second language (L2) practitioner. the all these questions there
are many different micro and macro approaches of sociolinguistics such as :
- Interactional
sociolinguistics
- Variations
sociolinguistics
- Historical
sociolinguistics
- Discourse
Analysis
- Conversation
Analysis
- Language
planning and policy
Research sociolinguistic describe three subcategories.
1) Language
Variation
2) Language
Relativity
3) Language in
Contact
1) language
Variation- ( (Ronald
Carter)
The language
variation if the speaker speak the English language and the ten mistake if the
language variation. some speaker are the rules our speak the english language
like the copy for other also language as a process of coding every
language has code language code is important for the conveyed the
idea.
- Pidginisation
Process
Pidginisation process is a process that result from contact of two or more
language in a context where language need can or must be satisfied through use of
a simplified code.
For Example:
Include trading contexts or the interactions between colonized people and a
conqueror. when social dominance comes into play. the language (s) of the
subordinated group have most of their effect on the grammar. while the socially
dominant language contributes more of the vocabulary.
- Creolisation
Process
speaker develops an elaborated code that can accommodate the full range
of life’s functions.
For Example :
“Da Vinci Code”
the novel reflect the secret and life of Jesus Christ. to learn language has a
particular code.
- Decreolization
Process
A gradual Decreolization process can occur as speakers incorporate features
from a dominant languages.
Creolisation models in general have been complicated some what to acknowledge
multidirectional linguistic influences and the dynamic virtuosity of
learners language use.
A learner’s simplified Interlanguage a concept developed by Corder (1967) and
Selinker (1972) as learners restructure their Interlanguage and move towards an
L2 help L2 (Positive Transfer).
Language Variation research has focused increasingly on issues of social
context departing from early interpretations which tended to see meaning
inhering in linguistic features themselves.
For Example:
The
observations of Lakoff (1975) were often interpreted to suggest that women’s
use of tag questions and hedges per se rendered them linguistically less
powerful.
In the area of social class, debate central on Bernstein’s (1971) suggestion
that the less ‘elaborated’ so-called ‘restricted’ code of he reported for
working class students implied a conative deficit. later thinking suggests a
more dynamic process in which context and category reproduce each other through
speech.
one of the most important findings of contemporary sociolinguistic research is
the extent to which social categories interest.
For Example:
Examples are studies of the commonly held stereotypes that woman speak more
grammatically and are more polite than the men.
Freeman and
McElhinny(1996:251) survey the interaction of culture and gender with respect
to politeness :
“ In societies where
politeness is normatively valued or seen as a skill, or where acquisition of
politeness is not an automatic part of language learning but requires
additional training , men tend to be understood as more polite, and women are
understood as impolite or too polite”
Freeman and McElhinny note that these commonsense understanding of politeness
tell us more about the working of ideology than the actual use of
language.
A wide variety of ways in which language and society intersect in which we find
social stratification of linguistic variables from phonology and syntax
to discourse and narrative conventions is documented in sociolinguistic
research on:
- Age
- Ethnicity
- Gender
- Geography
- Profession
- Sexual
Identity
- Social
Class
2) Linguistic Relativity
The Linguistic Relativity research talk about the different culture people and
their language. Thomas (1983) distinguishes between what she calls Pragma
linguistics and Sociolinguistics failure. in the former speakers fail to convey
their meaning because the message’s pragmatic force is misunderstood. a speaker
might translate something from an L1 into a target language without the
knowledge that the communicative conventions of the target language are quite
different.
For Example:
the formulaic expression ‘How are you!’ in english generally means title more
than ‘ Hello’.
Sociopragmatic failure occurs when one does not know what to say to whom a
situation that can lead to violating local politeness norms.
Hymens(1962[1981]) coined the term Ethnography of speaking it means ethic study
of something background study systematic study of culture also describe the
task of the researcher who is ‘concerned with the situations and uses , the
patterns and functions, of speaking’ as he says, ‘it is a question of what a
foreigner must learn about a group’s verbal behavior in order to participate
appropriately and effectively in its activities’.
The of the researcher becomes the description of what Hymes termed
Communicative Competence.
Canale and Swain (1980)theorized four components:
- Communicative
Competence
- Grammatical
Competence
- Discourse
Competence
- Strategic
Competence
The
last involves appropriate language use based on knowledge of
sociocultural conventions and social context. sociolinguistic knowledge
involves sensitivity to issues of context and topic as well as social
parameters such as gender, age and social status.
Scollon and Socollon’s interdiscourse communication refers to
“ The entire range of communication across
boundaries of groups or discourse system”
They remind us that ‘Effective communication requires study of cultural and
discourse differences on the one hand but also requires a recognition of one’s
own limitations’ in crossing discourse boundaries.
3)Language in Contact
When speakers live in a linguistically diverse environment , several
alternatives to monolingualism are available to them in a diglossic situation.
In a diglossic situation two language exist side by side essentially in
complementary distribution. One is used for formal situation and other informal
contexts.
Formal situation = it is high-prestige
variety.(H)
For example: Education
Religion
Informal situation = frequently the vernacular
and native language / variety , is considered low.(L)
Another contact phenomenon is code-switching, which occurs when bilingual
speakers switch from one language to another in the same discourse , sometimes
within the same utterance. Teacher of english in multilingual context are
faced with complex sociolinguistic and cultural phenomena.
· Applications
of Sociolinguistics(Wikipedia)
A
sociolinguistic might determine through study of social attitude that a
particular vernacular would note be considered appropriate language use in a
business or professional setting.
Sociolinguistics might also study of grammar, phonetics, vocabulary and other
much aspects of this sociolect much as dialectologists would study the
same for a regional dialect.
The study of language variation is concerned with social constraints
determining language in its contextual environment. Code-switching is the is
the term given to the use of different varieties of language in different
social situations.
William Labov is often regarded as the founder of the study of
sociolinguistics. He is especially noted for introducing the quantitative
study of language variation and change, making the sociology language
into a scientific discipline.
· Conclusion
To
conclude that, sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of
any and all aspect of society, including cultural norms, expectation and
context on the way language is used and the effect of language use on society.
Works Cited
Ronald Carter, David Nunan.
"Sociolinguistics." Ronald Carter, David Nunan. The Cambridge
Guide to teaching english to spekers of other language. Cambridge
university: Ronald Carter, David Nunan, 2001. 100-106.
Information
extracted from Holmes, J.,
(2001). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics.
Wikipedia contributors.
"Sociolinguistics." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 26 Oct. 2015. Web. 31
Oct. 2015.
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