John keats as a romantic poet.

                                "John keats as a romantic poet"

Name : Radha B. Ghevariya 

Std. : M.A. SEM-2

Sub : Romantic Literature

Roll no : 22 

Topic : "John keats as a romantic poet"

Submitted to : Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English 

Introduction

                      John keats was born on 31^st octomber ,1795 in London . the oldest of four children he lost both his parents at a young age. His father , a livery-stable keeper died when keats was eight ; his mother died of tuberculosis six years later . after his mother’s death , keat’s maternal grandmother appointed two London merchants Richard abbey and John Rowland as guardians , abbey a prosperous tea broker , assumed the bulk of this responsibility , while sandell played only a minor role , whem keats was fifteen , abbey withdrew him from the Clarke school , enfield to apprentice with an apothecary surgeon and study medicine in a London hospital. In 1816 keats became a licensed apothecary but he  never practised his profession deciding instead to write poetry . john keats was an English romantic poet . he was one of the main figure of the second generation of romantic poet along with lord Byron and percy bysshe Shelley despite his work having been in publication for only four years before his death. John keats poems were not generally well received by critics during his life , his reputation grew after his death so that by the end of the 19^th century , he had become one of the most beloved of all English poets. He had a significant influence on a diverse range of poet and writer.

              Jorge luis borges stated that his first encounter with keats was the most significant literary experience of his life.the poetry of keats is characterised by sensual imagery most notably in the series of odes. Today his poems and letters are some of the most popular and most analysed in English literature. His parents were afford eton or harrow , so in the summer of 1803 , he was sent to board at john Clarke school in enfield , close to his grandparents house . the small school had a liberal outlook and a progressive curriculum more modern than the larger more prestigious schools.in the family atmosphere at clerk’s keats developed an interest in classics and history , which would stay with him throughout his short life . the headmaster’s son Charles cowden Clarke , also became an important mentor and friend , introducing keats to renaissance literature , including tesso , spenser ,and chapman’s translaters.the young keats was described by his friend Edward holmes as a volatile character “ always in extreme” given to indolence and fighting . however at 13 he began focusing his energy on reading and study , winning his first academic prize in midsummer 1809.

           Keats was not only the last but also the most perfect of the romanticists. while scott was merely telling stories and wordsworth reforming poetry or upholding the moral law, and Shelley advocating impossible reforms.and Byron vocing his own egoism and the political measure , worshiping beauty like a devotee , perfectly content to write what was in his own heart , or to reflects some splendour of the natural worlds as he saw or dreamed it to be . he had , moreover the novel idea that poetry exists for its own sake , and suffers loss by being devoted to philosophy or politics or , indeed, to any cause , however great or small . as he says in “lamia”

“………..do not all charms fly at the mere touch of cold philosophy there was ab awful rainbow once in heaven : we know her woof , her texture ; she is given in the dull catalogue of common things , philosophy will clip an angel’s wings , conquer all mysterious by rule and line , empty the hunted air , and gnomed mine –unweave a rainbow , as it erewhile made the tender – person’s lamia melt into a shale”

             Partly because of this high idea of poetry , partly because he studied and unconsciously imimated the greek classics and the best works of the Elizabethans , keat’s last little volume of poetry is unequied by the work of any of his contemporaries . when we remember that all his work was published in three short year. From 1817 to 1820 , and that he died when only 25 years we must judge him to be the most promising figure of the early 19^th century , and one of the most remarkable in the history of literature .

              Keats’s life of devoting to beauty and to poetry is all the remarkable in yiew of  his lowly  origin he was the son of a hostr and stable keeper and was born in the stable of the swan and hoop inn London in 1795. One has only to read the  rough stable scenes from our first novelists or even from pidcens of rs in understand how little there was in such an atmosphcre to develop poetic gifts. Before keats was fifteen years old both paents died, and he was placed  with his brothers and siste in charge of guardians.

           Their first act eems to have been to take keats from school at enfield , and to blind him him as an appreanties to a surgeon at Edmonton . for five years he sevd his apprenticeship , and for two years more he was surgeon’s helper in the hospitals ; but though skilful enogh to win approval he disliked his work and his thought were on other things “the other day , during a lecture’ , he said to a friend “ there came a sunbeam into the room , and with it a whole troop of creatures floating in the ray of  ; and I was off with them to Oberon and fairyland”.

· Characteristics of his poetry

-   Sensuousness

-   Treatment of nature

-   Romance

           Though he died at the young age of 25 and had only been publishing poetry for four years , john keats remains one of the most influrntial poets of the most era of poetry. In this lifetime , keats sold only about 200 copies of his poetry books , but his reputation and influence grew substantially following his 1821 death. Keats deeply reflective poetic attempt to explore reflective poetic attempt to explore and understand beauty as it exists in all things inspired countless writes to pursue a similar program for writing poetry.

·  Pursuit of Beauty

             As with other romantic poets , keats focused his writerly attention on understanding and exploing beauty ; for keats , all things possessed potential beauty , and it was his job as a poet to find this beauty and capture it in his poetry.

“ Beauty is truth and , truth is beauty –that is all / ye know earth , and all ye need to know”

·  Foremost work of John Keats

1)       Ode to Autumn

               This poem was written by keats in September ,1819. He was greatly struck by the beauty of the season.here is a poem in which  a season has been personified and made to live . in the first stanza , the poet describes the fruit coming to maturity in readiness for harvesting . in the second stanza , autumn is personified as a woman present at the various operations of the harvest and at cider –pressing . in the last stanza , the end of the year is associated with sunset the songs of spring are over and night is falling but there is no feeling of sadness because autumn has its own songs. The close of the ode , though solemn , breathes the spirit of hope.

2)      Ode on a Grecian Urn

      In the ode on a Grecian urn , the duality of the theme is indicated , in the  very opening stanza where keats gives us a contrast between something unchanging because it is alive . this equipoise is continued in the second stanza but the poet continues to toy with his dual matter without asserting or implying that lifeless permanence is superior or transient reality . nor does he indicates any preference in emphasis here , as in the second stanza is upon the warmth and the turbulence of life , we have not been made to feel that keats has any distinct preference for an unraised but permanent love over an actually experienced but transient but actual passion . in the fourth stanza , we are carried into a world that is permanent , but permanently empty , just as the figures on the urn are permanent , but permanenting lifeless. In the final stanza , the poet ends his duals game . here he emphatically addresses this thing of beauty as just what it is a grecian urn . this work of art , he says .has teased  us out of the actual world into an ideals world where we can momentarily and imaginatively enjoy the life that is free from the imperfections of our lot here but this ideals world is not free of all imperfections : it has very grave deficiencies because it is lifeless , motionless , cold , and unreal......

Conclusion

             “I have lov’d the principle of beauty in all things, and if I had had time I would have made myself remembered,” Keats wrote to Fanny Brawne in February 1820, just after he became ill. In Keats’s work the struggle with aesthetic form becomes an image of a struggle for meaning against the limits of experience. His art’s very form seems to embody and interpret the conflicts of mortality and desire. The urgency of this poetry has always appeared greater to his readers for his intense love of beauty and his tragically short life. Keats approached the relations among experience, imagination, art, and illusion with penetrating thoughtfulness, with neither sentimentality nor cynicism but with a delight in the ways in which beauty, in its own subtle and often surprising ways, reveals the tries.....

The Novelist of Victorian Age......

 The Novelist of Victorian age…..

Name : Radha B. Ghevariya 

Std. : M.A. SEM-2

Sub : Victorian Literature

Roll no : 22 

Topic : The Novelist of Victorian age…..

Submitted to : Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English 

INTRODUCTION

             The Victorian era or the age of Tennyson covers the period  from 1832 to 1887 .  The  reign of queen Victoria extends from 1837 to 1901  but literary movement  rarely coincide with the exact year of a royal  accession or death . During the last decade of the nineteenth century the ideas which were upheld by  the Victorians or more precisely by their mouthpiece , lord  Alfred Tennyson were put to the anvil.

        Coleridge, Shelly , Keats, Byron and Scott had passed away , and it seemed as if there were no writers  in England to fill their written in 1835,

“ Like  clouds that rake the

mountain summits,

or waves that own no

curbing hand,

how fast has brother

followed brother,

from sunshine to the

unless land !”

                 The Victorian age  is one of the  most remarkable periods in the history of England. it  was an era of material affluence , political consciousness , democratic reforms , industrial and mechanical progress , scientific advancement , social  unrest , educational  expansion, empire building and religious uncertainty.

          The Victorian age was essentially a period of peace and prosperity for  England . The Victorian age was one of the most remarkable periods  the  history of English literature . it witnessed the flowering of poetry in the hands of a host of poets , great and small . it marked the growth of the English novel , and laid the foundation of English prose on a surer footing.

* The novelist of Victorian Age

1)Charles Dickens

2)William Makepeace Thackeray

3)Charlotte Bronte

4)Emily Bronte

5)Anne Bronte

6)George Meredith

7)George Eliot

8)Thomas Hardy

9)Anthony Trollope

10) Charles Kingsley’s

1)Charles Dickens (1812-1870)

              Charles dickens was born on February 7,1812 at 357 mile and terrace , commercial road landport portsea in Hampshire . his father john dickens , was a clerk in the navy pay office . it was difficult for his father to make both ends after straggling with them in his native town for many years , he shifted to London and later on to Chatham when dickens was nine years of age . it was in the atmosphere of Chatham that dickens had his early schooling . he was found of books and devoted himself to his studies with heart and soul.

                His father was also set free and dickens joined the Willington house academy of the age of fifteen . it was worthless and brutal school and its head master was a most ignorant fellow and a targant . he learned little  at this place , but the  experience he gained proved a fruitful source for him in writing Nicholas Nickleby.   

            After his return from the continent , dickens brought out his novels as such as,

-        David Copperfield

-        Dombey and Sons

-        Great Expectations

              He died in 1870 , over his unfinished Edwin Drood and was laid to rest in west minister Abbey  “no death since 1866”, wrote Carlyle to his wife .

             “has fallen on me with such a stroke ,

The good , the gentle , high gifted .

Over friendly and noble dickens- every

Inch of him an honest man”

             Charles dickens was undoubtedly the greatest of the Victorian novelist . he was a great genius and both as a novelist and a popular entertainer , he ranked very high ,

“he is the novelist of his school”

             Says David cencil in early Victorian novelists,

“whose popularity has suffered no sensible

Decline , he is not only the most famous of

The Victorian novelists , he is the most typical

,if we are to see the distinguishing virtues and

Defects of his school at their clearest , we  must

Examines dickens”

·      Novels of Dickens

-        Pickwick papers

-        Oliver twist

-        Nicholas Nickleby

-        Old curiosity shop

-        Barnaby rudge

-        Martin Chuzzlewit

-        Dombey and son

-        David Copperfield

-        Bleak House

-        Hard Times 

-        A Tale of two cities

-        Edwin Drood

-        Little Dorrit

1)Great Expectation

         Great expectation deals with the adventures of a young boy pip and is one of the gripping novels of dickens . it is novel of adventure , the sort of adventure that might well happen to a person who got himself mixed up with questionable characters, in such a sort as this , close to the convict – ships or in what really were in those days the wilds of London . pip has narrow escapes , and goes through many recking experience ; he has to be prepared for acts of violence , and before the end his manhood is put to the proof in a way unusual in a novel by dickens.

        The characters of this novels are remarkably drawn , and Joe Gargery , the simple hearted industrious worker , and the dear relative of ‘pip’ is among the finest character of Dickens. Abel Magwitch , the convict , who secretly support pip for for he had   helped him once, is another study in criminology . the heart of a criminal moved to feelings of gratefulness by the kindly act of pip in providing him food is presented with a touching fineness . Miss Havisham is an interesting picture of an aristocratic lady. These character have won a lasting place for Dickens among master of character portrayal.

2)Bleak House

        Dickens ‘ next novel bleak house was published in 1853. It is a vigorous satire on the abuses of the old court of chancery, the delays and cost of which brought misery and rain on its suitors. The tale centres in the fortune of an  uninteresting couple , Richard carstone , a fatile youth and his amible cousin ada dare .there are numerous comic touches in the novel . no better exposure of the delays andinquities of the law court is found in Victorian novels than in this work.

·      Dicken’s Contribution

-        Plot – construction

-        Realism

-        A moralist

-        A social Reformer

-        Humour and pathos

        To sum up in the words of comptop- Rickett,

“He lulls by the familiarity of his setting into the belief that he is a realist . but his realism lies on the surface and his picture of London life are magnificent pieces of idealised description, sometimes as fantastic as a passage from Notre name”

     At the same times Dickens ‘ word is alive and person who have not seen London take it to be real.

3)William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863)

           

-: Life:-

W.M.Thackeray was born in 1811 , in Calcutta , where his father held a civil position under the Indian government . when the boy was five year old his father died and his mother returned with her child to England . presently she married again and Thackeray was sent to the famous character house school , of which he has given us  vivid picture in the newcomers.

          In 1829 Thackeray entered trinity college , Cambridge , but left afterb less than two year , without taking a degree , and went Germany and france . where he studied with the idea of becoming artist. In 1832 he comes into possession of a comfortable  fortune, returned to England , and settled down in the temple to study law. Soon he began to dislike the profession intensely , and we have in pendennis a reflection of his mental attitude towards the law and the young men who studied it.

        Thackeray began his literary career by writing satire on society for fruser’s magazine , this was the beginning of his success ; but though the yellowplush paper’s , the great hoggarty diamond , Catherine , the fitz boodlers , the book of snobs , barry Lyndon , and various immature works made him known to a few readers of punch and of fraser’s magazine , it was not till the publication of vanity fair (1847-1848) that he began to be recongnized as one of the great novelist of the day.

              After the moderate success of vanity fair Thackeray wrote the three novels of his middle life upon which his fame chiefly rests, pendennis in 1850 , henry esmond in 1852 and the newcomes in 1855.thackeray began his literary career by making contributions to periodicals and magazines . most of his early work found station in fraser’s magazines , the new monthly magazine , times , and the other papers.

·      Novels of Thackeray

-        Barry Lyndon (1844)

-        Vanity fair(1847-1848)

-        The history of pendennis(1848-1850)

-        Hennery esmond(1852-1853)

-        The newcomes(1854-1855)

-        The Virginians(1858-59)

·      Vanity fair

                    The first great novel of Thackeray that created a stir in the Victorian world was vanity fair , a novel without a hero in this great work the novelist portrayed realistically and graphically the life of the upper middle class people round about the period of the Napoleonic wars culminating in the battle of waterloo. Instead of presenting the glories of the battlefield and the heroic encounters of warriors who won victory for England , Thackeray concentrated on the presentation of the life of confused panic stricken civilians in brassells.in vanity fair we come across in Thackeray own words “ a set of people living without god in the world, greedy , pompous men perfectly well satisfied for the most part and at ease about their superior nature”the characters of this novel are mediocreas there is no hero of the dimension of henary esmond . all the male characters expect nubbin are deficient in heroic conduct.the change of cynicism is brought against Thackeray , for here he belittles grand virtues by associating goodness with pettiness of character . in this novel the good people are all fools, and the palm is borne away . the novelist gloats as he says; “how very weak the very wise how very small the very great are” . not only is Thackeray cynical in vanity fair , but he is equally a satirist , castigating the vices and the follies of mankind vanity fair is a satire on romance and sentiment , a reaction against scott lytton and dickens all at once.it is a satire at the some time on contemporary society , for though the scene is laid some thirty year back , the teaching is anmistakably applicable to the writer’s own times . in those passages of vanity fair where Thackeray recurs to his text and explain his meaning of vinitus vanitatum , the drift of the social satire seems to lie within well established and almost conventional bounds.the style of vanity fair is flexible , trenchant and lively , sometimes impassioned and nobly eloquent . it has a strength and a sureness of creative touch which stamp it as the decisive work of a writer who , once gives full expression to his genius.

4) Charlotte Bronte

-: life :-

                Charlotte bronte , Emile bronte,and anne bronte the bronte sister occupy a distinctive place in the history of English fiction . they were pioneer leaders in the field of romanticising English fiction and concentrating on the revelation of the soul and the inner working of the human spirit . instead of presenting the picture of a society or group of people such as we field in june austen and the earlier novelists , they were most familiar . they brought about the imaginative revival of fiction and gave it the colour of poetry and passion. They introduced passion , imagination and nature in fiction and made it a thing of wonder and delight of the bronte sister charlotte bronte was the eldest and here with her work in fiction that we are works in fiction that we are now primarily concerned .

·      Novels of Charlotte Bronte

           Charlotte bronte began her literary career as a poetess and then drifted to novel writing . she wrote four novels in succession her fame rests on jane eyre , shiriey ,vilette and the professor. They are her lasting contribution to English fiction.

“there is emphatically a recurring pattern in charlotte bronte literary carpet as regards their matter : yorkshire and brassels and governess , the tator and the school are often repeated interwoven with the cleric millowner .in manner a similar recurrence exist , for in all and the novels except Shirley , the story is told in the first person , and a deeper unity , in achieved by the consistent theme , which is always the conflict between high intergrity and worldliness”

-        Jane eyre (1847)

-        Shirley(1849)

-        Villette(1853)

-        The professor(1857)

 5) Emily Bronte

             Emily bronte (1818-1848)the younger sister of charlotte bronte is a unique personality in the history of Victorian literature . element shorter who knew her intimately called her “the sphinx of our modern literature” . Emily bronte was in all point sharper and bleaker than charlotte bronte.Emily bronte was a poet and novelist speaking of her verses . charlotte observed , of its starting excellence I an deeply convinced ……..the pieces are short , but they are very genuine , they stirred my heart like the sound of a trumpt ………condemned energy , clearness, finish – strange strong pathos are their characteristics a sombre and majestic music sounds through her lines.

6)  Anne Bronte

              Anne bronte was the youngest of the bronte sisters.her main works are ages grey (1847) and the tenant of wildfell hall (1848).these two works are inferior in quality in comparison to the works of Charlotte and Emily bronte.

·      The Tenant of Wildfell Hall

          The tenat of wildfell hall provides an interesting  study of a drunkard who meets his tragic and because of his excessive addition to liquor . the chief character , the drunkard is Arthur huntingdon. Anne bronte present the life of this drunkard in great detail . the very shape of the drunkard’s head with its depressed crown marked by rich, curls , his florid complexion and full lips , his low chuckling laugh , when hlen justly accuses him , his sick peevishness after a drinking bout , his essential lightness of head and heart , sodawater breakfast and brandy luncheons , his alternate insolence and yearning towards his wife , his bousted infidelities-no-other handing of this subject in fiction has exceeded these keenly observed and strongly portrayed details in truth and impressiveness.

7) George Meredith (1828-1909)

            George Meredith born in 1828 in Hampshire of English family with welsh and irish ancestors , passed two years as a schoolboy in germany studied law, married the daughter of Thomas l. peacock gave up and jouenalism , collected his poem in  volume (1851) collaborated in several-periodicals , among them the fortaightly reviews which he directed for ssome time : for the publishing house of chapman and hall.

·      Novels of Meredith

-        The slaving of shagpat( 1856)

-        Evan Harrington((1861)

-        Roda fleming(1865)

8) George Eliot

            George eliot (1819-80) spent the early part of her life in warwichshire ,where her father was agent for an esatste , from somewhat narrow religious views she was freed by the influence of Charles bray , a conveys manufacturer and devoted herself to completing a translation of stauss ‘life of jesus’. In 1850 she become a contribution to the ‘westminister review’ and in 1851 its assistant editor , reginning the post in 1853. In 1854 she published a translation of flurerbanch’s ‘ essence of christionity’ and about the same time joined George henary lewes.in may 1880 she married john walter cross , but died in December of the same year , her novels reveals an exceptional  sense of the purifying effect of human trials and wide and varied learning.

·          The novel of George Eliot

-        Scenes of clerical life (1838)

-        Adam bede (1859)

-        The mill on the floss(1860)

-        Silas marner(1861)

-        Romola(1863)

-        Middleemrch (1872)

-        Daniel deronda(1876)

9) Thomus Hardy

               

   -: life :-

 Thomus hardy was born in dorest , educated by his mother and the schoolmaster until he commanded greek and latin and had started his omnivorous general reading ; was apprenticed to an  ecclesiastical architect and by 1862 settled in London with a position but there was caught up in the intellectual aprour of that decade , when orthodox contende with two enemies at once , the Darwinians of local origin and the higher criticism from the continent. Hardy , the prominent Victorian novelist , gave a new depth and gravity to the English novel . he gave to the novel the dignity which had belonged carlier to the epic and the tragedy . he was the creator of the philosophical novel . he gave to the novel a new and impressive architectural pattern , building it carefully with a great  deals of forethought and skill.

·      Novel of Hardy

                 Hardy classified his novels in the following order:

1)Novels of character and environment

-         Under the greenwood tree (1872)

-        Far from the madding crowd(1874)

-        The return of the native (1878)

-        The mayor of casterbrindge(1886)

-        The woodlanders(1887)

-        Wessex tales(1888)

-        Tess of the D’urbervilles(1891)

-        Life’s little ironies and few crushed characters(1894)

-        Jude the obscure(1895)

2)Romances and Fantasties   

-        A pair of blue eyes(1873)

-        The trumpet major(1880)

-        Two on a tower(1882)

-        The well beloved (1891)

3)Novels of Ingenuity

-        Desperate remedies(1871)

-        The hand of ethelbetry(1876)

-        A laodiicean (1881)

4)Mixed Novels

-        Changed man , the waiting supper and other tales

Hardy wrote about twenty novels but douglas brown mentions eight novels to represent his stranght .

“The novels I take to represent his stranght are far from the medding crowd , the return of the native , the woodlanders, the major of casterbridge and tess of the d’uebervilles.to these five,under the greenwood three makes a fitting prelude and jude the obscure an impressive epilogue one more among his novels deserves particular respect , the modest but effective the trumpet major”

Defind the word Rasa and give detail note on the theory of Rasa types of rasa byBhartmuni.

#  Define  the word  Rasa and give detail note on the theory of Rasa and Type of Rasa.

Name : Radha B. Ghevariya 

Std. : M.A. SEM-2

Sub : Literary Theory and Criticism 

Roll no : 22 

Topic : Define  the word  Rasa and give detail note on the theory ofRasa and Type of Rasa.

Submitted to : Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English 

Introduction

             Bharatiya Natyashastra an encyclopaedia  of Sanskrit literature is the earliest work on dramaturgy available at present the Natyashastra by Bhartmuni  is an ancient treatise the Natyashastra during 200 B.C to 200 A.D. it is know as the 15^th vaith because of it’s immense varieties there are 36000 sutras and  6000 slokas through which Bhartmuni talks about performing arts , theatre , dance , and music . that is why modern Indian critics often view to say .

“ Natyashastra is the foundation of fine arts

In India”

              The major question being discussed by Bhartmuni in his treatise “ the Natyashastra are how was drama born?” how should one built a theatre , dance like tandva the different variety of acting , the connect of character language , prosoding , musicing , employed in drama , the nature of rasa and Bhava etc….he has a given and analytical theory as far as rasa is a concern.

#   Theory of Rasa

             The very meaning of Sanskrit word Rasa is Juice or Essence . However     Bhartmuni has used the word in different contained the word rasa here, dose not mean any kind of liquid or syrup. According to Makarand Paranjap ;

“ Rasa in Bhartmuni is nothing but

The exposition of the structure of

human experience”

                However the Vedic meaning of Rasa refered to the experience of the supier reality which is one of the self existent delight thus , rasa is the emotion resulting from contemplation of various feeling according V.S. Seturaman :

 “ A blending of various Bhavas arises certain emotions accompanied by thrill and assence of joy is Rasa”

         Bhartmuni himself indentified the four kind  of Bhavas responsible for the various rasa . According to him ,

“vibhavaanubhavavyabhicharisamyogatrasanishpattihi”

           Here, Vibhava means determinates , Anubhava mean consequents , vyabhichari means transitory state and smyogat means combination . there are known as “state of mind” or “ state of being” there are ……

        1} Sthayibhava

        2} Anubhava

        3} Sattivikabhava

        4} Vyabhicharibhava

              

1} Sthayibhava

     

                     It is known as a dominant state of mind there are eight more sthayibhavas like love , meith , sorrow , enger , energy , terribal , discust and estoniment .

2} Anubhava

            Anubhava means bodily expression by which the emotions is expressed . eve non-verbal element also known as Anubhava.

3} Sattivikbhava

                 It is also known as Vibhava . Vibhava is the objective condition producing and emotion. Vibhava may be of two kinds.

-       Alambana

-       Uddipana

1} Alambana

                  Alambana Vibhava means a person or person with reference to whom the emotions is many-fested.

2} Uddipana

                 Uddipana Vibhava means the circumstances that have excited the emotions.

           There are eight kinds of sattivikbhava like paralysis , perspiration , horriplation, change of voice etc……

4} Vyabhicharibhava

                  Vyabhicharibhava means a serious of diverse emotions that feel the dominant emotions . it is known as transitory state of mind which are of 33 types. It comes and go like a lighting and within flickering of eyes.

# Types of Rasa

            Through the essence of all the rasa is the same , the test of each liquid acquire distinctiveness , because of it’s associations with Vibhava and Anubhava . during it’s experience the syrups of good Apple , lime and the sugarcane are all syrups and sweet , but have disting sweetness . in this respect the rasa may be classifies like different syrups . Bhartmuni classifies Eight rasas equivalent to eight sthayibhavas.

“  sringarahasyakarunaraudravirabhayanakah !

Bibhatsadbhutasamjana cetyashtav natye rasah smiritah”

            Thus , Bhartmuni has discussed the eight sentiment from the four original ones that are,

-       Erotic

-       Furious

-       Heroic

-       Odious

          The comic sentiments arises from the erotic. The pathetic from the furious , the marvellous from the heroic and terrible from the odious .

        Let us focus on the origins the colours and example of this sentiments.

1} the erotic sentiment

2} the comic sentiment

3} the furious sentiment

4} the pathetic sentiment

5} the heroic sentiment

6} the terrible sentiment

7} the odious sentiment

8} the marvellous sentiment

    Let us discuss about the more explanations of the this sentiment and example.

1} The Erotic Sentiment

           The sringara rasa proceeds from the dominant state of love and is associated with the God Vishnu . it has as its basis a bright and elegent attire . the  sringara is not only first in last but also  in the popularity. The matual affection of love is found not only between man and woman but also between birds , animals and all the other creature . since , love is conversant with every heart . it has the prominent place among the rasa it has two main bases.

-       Love-in-union

-       Love-in- sepration

          The erotic sentiment in union arises from determinates like pleasure of the season , the enjoyment of garlands , the company of beloved persons,  objects etc…..it should be represented on the stage by the consequent such as clever movement of eyes , eyebrow , soft and delicate movement of the body , sweet words and similar other thing.

        The erotic sentiment in sepration should be represented on the stage by consequents such as indifference , fear , jealousy , anxiety, yearning , inactivity , death and other conditions.

         However , in sepration there will be hope, great or small of there meeting latter while in love will be a fear of sepration . because sometimes before the first union takes place, desire , may grow dominant and make lover languish.

for example:

           It is found in the first three act of Shakuntlam . which is written Kalidas after the union of Shakuntlam and dushyant sepration may occure due to the curse . the whole idea of the erotic sentiment can be summed- up wherein V.S.Seturaman  says,

“Srinagar is reach in pleasure , associated with desired object, favourable , music and poetry and is related with either the union or the separation of man and woman”

2} The comic sentiment

               The comic sentiment proceeds from the dominant emotion of laughter . the preciding deity comic sentiment is Pramathas . the comic sentiment is created by determinate such as showing unseemly dress or ornament , impudence greedings , quarrel , use of irrelevant words , mentioning of different fault and similar other things. However , T.N.Shreekantaiya humour is extremely difficult to analyse even the modern philosopher who have set out to examine the origin of this manifold humour , but the nature of it’s charm have not yet arrived at definite conclusion . while talking about the humour Bhartmuni says ,

“the humour arises from the grotesque and custom of others , shameless character craz for sensual ; pleasure , mischief foul words physical handicapped , occusation of other and the like …..”

      According to him these sentiment of two  main kinds ,

-       Self-centered

-       Centered-in-other

1)  Self –centered

    When a person himself laughs it relates to the self-centered.

2)Centered – in -others

                    When a person makes other person laugh by means of strange behaviour , by dress it is known as comic sentiment exist in other. On the basis theorist admit that humour has six different kinds.

-       Slight smile 

-       smile

-      laughter of  ridicule

-      valgur laughter

-      excessive laughter

      Two by two they belong respectively to the superior , the middling and the inferior types of persons.

1)slight smile

             It deals with the superior types of person .it should be characterterised by slightly blown  checks and elegant glancess and in it the teeth should not be visible.

2)Smile

      It  should be distinguished by blooming eyes , face and checks . it contrast with smita  in smile the teeth should be slightly visible.

3) Gentle laughter

           The gentle laughter should have slight sound and sweetness it should be suitable to the occusion and in it the eyes and the checks should be contracted and the face joyful.

4)Valugar laughter

               The laughter on occasion not suitable to it the laughter with tears in ones , eyes , or with the shoulder and the head violently shaking is called the Valugar laughter.

5)laughter of  Ridicule

           During the laughter of ridicule , the nose should be exampled the eyes  should be squinting , and the shoulder and the head should be bent.

6)  The excessive laughter

      The excessive laughter is that in which the eyes are exampaded and fearful sound is long and excessive and the slight are covered by hands.  Comic situation which may arises in the course of play for person  of superior modelling of inferior type are thus to be given expression by smile, blooming laughter , full laughter , loud laughter , mead laughter and hypocritical laughter  respectively.

3} The pathetic sentiment

                The pathetic sentiment arises from the dominant state of sorrow .it is usually presented through  determinates such as affliction under accurse , sepression from clear ones , loose of wealth, death , captivity , flight , accident or any other misfortune this is to be represented on the stage by the means of consequent . such as shedding tears , lamentation  dryness of the mouth , change of colour , dropping out of breeth ,loose of memory and the like,,,,some of the works in Sanskrit language are the best examples to generate pathos.

 for example

-       Shakuntlam

                      -  Kalidas

-          Raghuvansham

-          Kalidas

-       Kadambari

-           Banabhatt

          In sakununtala sepression of lovers due to curse generate pathos . while in Raghuvansham the death of Indumati stimulate  the pathetic sentiments. According to  Shreekantaiya,

“Pathos is the very delicate rasa during it’s experience the heart melts a great deal”

      Even among  Sanskrit poet Bhavbhuti went to the extent of suggesting that “ Pathos alone is Rasa”

4} The Furious sentiment

            The sathya for the rudra or fury is  Croth . it own its origin to Raksasas , danavas and haunghty men and is caused by fights . this is created by determinates such as Enger , rape abuse insult an true allegation exorcising , tereterning , revenge fullness , jealousy and the like . this is to be represented on the stage by means of consequent such as red eyes, knitting of eyebrows , defence biting of  the lips , movement of the checks , presing one hand with the other and the like…..according to V.S.Seturaman

“the furious sentiment is created by strayking , cutting multination and piercing in fights and tumult of the battle and the like”

             Many critics is that the furious sentiment is full of conflict of arms  and in it words , movement and deeds are terrible and tearfull , transitory states connected with the furious sentiment is are presence of mind determinations energy indignation , percepration , trembling , horriblilation , chocking voice and the like ,……

5)The heroic sentiment

          The heroic sentiment reflects to the superior type of person and has it’s basic the presiding deity of the sentiments is Indra and represented with the colour which is yellowish in reflection . according to critic ,

“the special condition such as energy ,perseverance  , optivision , absence of surprise and presence of mind facilight the nishpattihi virrasa”

       Theatrically , the virrasa is represented on the stage through formness , passions , heroism , charity , diplomacy and the like , transitory state in it are containment judgement , pride , energy remembrances etc,…..Bhartmuni , in Natyashastra has divided the rasa of valour into three kinds :-

1)  Valour of manificance (Danavira)

2)  Valour of virtue ( Dharmvira)

3)  Valour of war ( Yudhvira)

However , some of the recent critic , have add the fourth type “velour of mercy” ( Dayavira)  all the valour are inter related with each other.

6} Terrible sentiment

           The terrible sentiment has its dominant state of fear. Which is black in colour and is associated with the deity ‘yama’ . it is related with fear and scariness. It is usually created by gothic atmosphere like hideous , noise , side of ghost , panic and anxiety due to antimely cry of jocket and owels staing in and empty house of forest slight of death or capacity of  dear once of news of it or discussion about it . it is to be represented on the stage by conquient such as termling of the hand and the feet , horriblilation , change of colour and loss of voice , theatrically speaking . it is easy to perform the Bhayanaka rasa on the stage. According to T.N.Shreekantaiya though fear apper to be one of the nature tendency of man as he grow more civilized try to control in and thing it shameful to exhibit it. According to many critics fear is not newtrol to noble character and heroes on country what excites fear in ordinary people excites anger in violent .

7} Odious sentiment

             Sometimes a dout may arise how odious whose source is distinguished can became rasa if enjoyment is found in pathos , it is in the odious also but here in the vibhatsya the distress too great . even when a description of the repulsive is heard , feeling it many a time as if it is actually seen and experienced in real life. The odious sentiment has its basic the dominant state of disguise it is created by determinants like hearing of unpleasant , offensive , impure and harmful things or sing them or discussing them . it is to be represented on the stage by consequent such as stopping the movement of all the limes , narrowing down of the mouth ,vomiting , fainting etc,……

8} The Marvellous Sentiment

               The marvellous  sentiment like Srinagar , a rasa which is perhaps more wide speeded  Adbhuta all experience wonder , fantastic , astoniment . which has its basic wonder begins from the time the child open is eyes and last till the end of its like . in poetry and drama there is a special importance for figure of speech like happerboll and effective comparison . which generate the marvellous sentiment . the marvellous sentiment has as its basic the dominant state of  astoniment . the preceding deity of the sentiment is Brahman . it is created by determinants search as slight of heavenly begins or events , attainment of object andrass into a superior mention temple , audience whole a seven storied palace and illusiory and magical acts…..it is to be represented on the stage by conquence such as wide opening of eyes , looking with fixed gase , horriblilation , tears , percepration , altering words of approbation , making gifts and similar other things thus V.S.Seturaman comments that the marvellous sentiment is that which,

“Arises from words , character ,deed and personal beauty”

      Bhartmuni  has mentioned this eight rasas in his treatise the ‘Natyashastra’ he elaborately states for each its colour the origins , the deity , the Vibhava , Anubhava and sancharibhava and how they should be acted . according to Shreekantaiya

“ the principle of rasa is the very kurnal of Indian poetics it is the nector that our thinker have obtained after charming the ossom of poetry”

       Till now we have considered the matter of pleasant experience called rasa by Bhartmuni but probably from the earliest period and the most importantly . the debate whether sant should be considered a rasa or not took place.

Conclusion

         Finally in 11^th century , the debate which to a conclusion by the time of abhinnavgupta . he admitted the santrasa and avoided it on the first place , after that nine rasas where thus established , he sealed the doors of the mention of the rasas . here, it is appropriate to cite wherein Mohan Thampi says,

“majority of the traditionalist ; considered that nine rasas are enough to cope with infant variety of literary product”