The background reading of Ania Loomba's book Colonialism/Postcolonialism.

 To Evaluate My Assignment Click Here

    * The background reading of Ania Loomba's book Colonialism/Postcolonialism.

Name : Radha B. Ghevariya 

Std. : M.A. SEM-3

Sub : The Colonialism and Postcolonialism

Roll no : 22 

Topic :  The background reading of Ania Loomba's book Colonialism/Postcolonialism.

Submitted to : Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English 

Introduction

                      First of all I have two question about my topic, 

        

1)what is Colonialism?

             The control and governing influence of a nation over a dependent country , territory , or people.

2) what is Postcolonialism?

            The postcolonialism  is the study of a culture after the physical and or political withdrawal of an oppressive power.

              Now let us discuss about the more view about the Colonialism and Postcolonialism . Colonialism is a dialect process. It's divided into two parts colonizer and colonized. Colonizer gives identity crises. We have to power to choose the Identity and also colonizer is a collaborated exerciser. It's like a master/slave relation. At last we can say that the idea about the colonialism is ambivalence. However , we all are colonizer because far colonialism still exists with the power.

*Roots of Colonialism/Postcolonism

                There is no much difference between colonialism / postcolonialism. The colonialism and postcolonialism began with the ending of 20th century or after post-war but, actually it's roots were in the Columbus’s arrival for the new found land and with the vasco-de-gama.

"Colonialism and postcolonialism is a comprehensive yet accessible guide to the  historical and theoretical dimensions of colonial and postcolonial studies"

* Colonial and Postcolonial Writers

                ' Lenin and Philosophy'

                                         -Althusser (1971)

- Chinua Achebe

 - Ashcroft

 - Griffiths(1995)

- Baudrillard

- Homi K. Bhabha

- Cessaire

- Gayatri Chakravorty Spiva

 - Franz Fanon

 - Gramusci

 - Mahasweta Devi

 - Shashi Tharu

 - Thiongo

                   Etc...... .......

Ania Loomba

              Ania Loomba is Catherine Bryson professor of English at the University of Pennsylvania. Her recent publication include,

- Postcolonial studies and Beyond(2005)

- Shakespeare , Race and Colonialism(2002)

                  - Gender, Race , Renaissance drama

                       Etc..........

               The word colonialism according to oxford English dictionary comes form the Roman word 'Colonia' which means 'farm' or 'settlement' and referred to romans who settled in other lands but still retained their citizenship.

According the OED,

" A settlement in new country ..... a body of people who settle in new locality, forming a community subject to or connected with their parent state; the community so formed , consisting of the original settlers and their descendants and successors, as long as the connection with the parent state is kept up"

                                    -Ania Loomba's (colonialism and postcolonialism)[second edition]

                Colonialism was not an identical process in different parts of the world but everywhere it looked the original inhabitants and the newcomers into the most complex and traumatic relationships in human history. For Example:

           The Tempest  

                      - Shakespeare

            The Tempest as a work under the umbrella of postcolonial literary theory. However , is looking at the work within the field that it has inspired. The colonialism / postcolonialism it's based on language , race, gender , attitude economy they all are those thing decides that one is 'superior' another is 'Inferior'.

* Ania Loomba's Views about Colonialism / Postcolonialism (Ania Loomba)

               The colonialism is the roman who settle in other land it means the physical occupation of territory and the postcolonialism is the awareness of the social , psychological and cultural inferiority enforced on a colonized state. The book 'Colonialism/Postcolonialism' second edition. In the beginning of the book some critic given the view about the colonialism/ postcolonialism like that,

"Loomba is a keen and canny critic of ever-shifting geopolitical realities and colonialism/postcolonialism remains a primer for the academic and common reader alike"

                                                        -Antoinette Burton , Department of History , university of Illinois

             The book 'colonialism/postcolonialism' by Ania Loomba’s divided into main three parts like,

1) chapter-1

            Colonial and postcolonial studies, Imperialism , neo-colonialism, colonial discourse , colonialism and knowledge, colonialism and literature.

2) chapter-2

          About the colonial and postcolonial Identities, Race ,class and gender ,sexuality, hybridity , constricting racial and cultural difference.

3)chapter-3

           About the challenging colonialism , nationalism, pan-nationalism , feminism, can the subaltern speak? , post-modernism and postcolonial studies. And at last the globalization and the future of postcolonial studies.

* Imperialism

              The Imperialism is connected with Empire. The imperial as pertaining to empire and the direct rule is important for imperialism. This is somewhat misleading because imperialism , like colonialism, stretches back to a pre-capitalist past.

For Example:

               Imperial Russia was pre-capitalist , as was Imperial Spain.

              The OED define 'Imperial' as 'pertaining to empire' and 'Imperialism' as the rule of an emperor especially when despotic or arbitrary.

* Neo-Colonialism / Neo- Imperialism

               The word neo-colonialism known as neo-Imperialism are used to describe these situations. We can also see that imperialism is the highest stage of colonialism Imperialism is defined as a political system in which an imperial center governs colonized countries. Then the granting of political independence signals the end of Empire. The collapse of imperialism. The Imperialism and colonialism the differences between them are defined differently depending in their historical mutations. One useful way of distinguishing between them might be to separate them not in temporal but in spatial terms and to think of imperialism or neo-imperialism as the phenomenon that originates in the metropolis. The process which lead to domination and control.

* Colonial  Discourse

                      Colonial Discourse  it is connected with the power. Orientalism uses the concept of discourse to re-order the study of colonialism. Foucault he also wishes to concept them to structures of thought and to the working of power.

"The authority of academics, institutions, and governments.... most important such text can create.......not only knowledge but also the very reality they appear to describe in time such knowledge and reality produce a tradition or what Michael Foucault calls a discourse whose material presence or weight , not the originality of a given author , is really responsible for the text produced out of it"

                            - Edward Said’s  (1978-99)

                 Even 'colonial discourse' theory 1980 about Homi Bhabha given hid views that it's also dealt with the hybridity , ambivalence and mimicry.

* Colonial Literature

                          Accordingly the relationship between colonialism and literature was not, anthill recently dealt with by literary criticism still recent attention to the relationship between literature and colonialism has provoked serious reconsiderations of each of these terms. First, literature's pivotal role in both colonial and anti-colonial discourses has began to be explored.

For Example:

"The Tempest"

                     -William Shakespeare

"Othello"

                   - William Shakespeare

            Plays such as Othello and the tempest thus evoke contemporary ideas about the bestiality or incivility of non-Europeans.

- Does Othello serve as a warning against inter-racial love, or an indictment of the society which does not allow it?

-Does The Tempest endorse Prospero view of caliban as a bestial savage , or does it depict the dehumanization of colonial rule?

            Both plays have been interpreted and taught in ways that endorse colonialist ways that endorse colonialist ways of seeing but both have also inspired anti-colonial and anti-racist movements and literatures as texts that expose the working of colonialism. The study of colonialism in relation to literature and of literature in relation to colonialism has thus opened up important new ways of looking at both. Even more important perhaps is the way in which recent literary and critical theory has influenced social analysis.

* Race

           The modern discourse of 'Race' was the product of western science in the 18th century. 'Race' how became the part of colonialism/postcolonialism that Ania Loomba discussed through the term 'Race'.

       - " Descent of Man"(1871)

                       -Darwin

  In his 'Descent of Man' Darwin wrote :

" Extinction follows chiefly from the competition of tribe with tribe, and race with race.......... when civilized nations come into contact with barbarians the straggle is short"

                              - quoted by Young (1995-18)

 * Class

               Class and caste system always creates differences in the human beings.

"My Beautiful Laudrett"

                          - Hanif Kureishi's (film)

           In film 'My Beautiful Laudrett' in which white working employer that as a non-white he shouldn't evict his Caribbean tenant. The landlord  replies ;

" I am a professional businessman

                                   Not a professional Pakistani"

             In this film how the connected think like professional businessman and professional Pakistani and also this example proves that the contextual language also became the question of class conscious and Race discrimination.

* Colonialism &Psychoanalysis

                         The effect of colonialism also creates vast influenced on the mind of the people.

" Black skin, White mask"

                       - Frantz Fanon

            The book look at the what goes through the minds of blacks band white under the conditions of white rule and strange effect that especially on black people.

* Sexuality

          The sexuality of black men and especially that of black women becomes an icon for deviant sexuality in general: thus black women are constructed in terms of animals, lesbians and  prostitutes ; conversely the deviant sexuality of white women is compared with blackness :

" The primitive is black and the qualities of blackness , or at least of the black female, are those of the prostitute"

For Example:

" Waste Land"

             -  T.S.Eliot

" Black skin, White mask"

- Frantz Fanon

              In which common people always had to suffered just because either to fulfilled their desire or need.

* Hybridity

            Postcolonial studies have been preoccupied with issues of hybridity creolisation and mestizaje , Hybridity is always problematic also hybridity is journey from biological to cultural discussions.

* Nationalism/ Pan-Nationalism

            The idea of nation is itself paradox. The idea of nation is imagination also nation is always change.Aurobindo talk about the different idea of nation Homi Bhabha says that "Nation is mind of Constractef"and when we believe in the idea of 'nation' became 'imperialism'. When we imagine 'India' is our country and mother land. In that time invisible one more view also comes out with it. There is 'other' also which is different from 'mother land' that's very living example of 'Nationalism' and 'Pan-Nationalism'.

For Example:

" The Tempest"

"A Tempest"

                  -William Shakespeare

* Feminism / Postcolonialism

               Feminism also becomes part of the 'colonialism'. Ania Loomba talk about the one example like, women . The educated women is represented as becoming a mob teacher or English women but who is don't careful about her home child and her husband. In the feminism and pseudo-feminism is also the representation of postcolonialism.

            Power does not emanate from some central or hierarchical structure but flows through society in a sort of capillary action:

"Power is every where’s not because it embrace everything;

              But because it comes from everywhere"

                            -Foucault ( 1990-93)

         The one feminist argue of Foucault at the idea of power is rendered so diffuse that it cannot be either understood or challenged.

* Can the Subaltern Speak?

                Can the subaltern speak?  This idea given by Gayatri Spivak. In 'Can the Subaltern Speak?' (1985) Spivak suggest that it is impossible for as to recover that voice of the 'subaltern' or oppresses colonial subject.

"The subaltern cannot speak there is no virtue in global laundry lists with 'woman' as a pious item. Representation has not withered away the female intellectual has a circumscribed task which she must not disown with a flourish"

                              - Gayatri Spivak (1988:308)

         Spivak effectively warns the postcolonial critic against Romanizing and homogenizing the subaltern subject. However, her insistence on subaltern 'Silence' is problematic if adopted as the definitive statement about colonial relations also subaltern is connected with speech.

For Example:

"A Tempest"

                      - William Shakespeare

             The character of 'caliban' caliban speaking subaltern but it is empowered subaltern.

* Globalization

                  The last point of view about the globalization and thr future of postcolonial studies. Globalization can't using concepts like margins centers. But , today social networking also become much helpful in  to understand the process of 'Globalization' in context of colonialism/ postcolonialism.

* Conclusion

               In conclude , Ania Loomba defined the term Colonialism/ Post colonialism. She talks about the various discourse like, Imperialism, Globalization, Nationalism/pan-nationalism, Feminism/ postcolonialism , Race, class, Hybridity, Sexuality, etc........ here, i put the my view about the simple way in the colonialism / postcolonialism ideas.

 To Evaluate My Assignment Click Here

Works Cited

Ania Loomba. "colonialism/ postcolonialism." Ania Loomba. COLONIALISM / POST-COLONIALISM SECOND EDITION. New Yourk: Routledge, n.d. 7-204.

 

what is Sociolinguistic ?

TO  Evaluate My Assignment Click Here

Name : Radha B. Ghevariya 

Std. : M.A. SEM-3

Sub : ELT

Roll no : 22 

Topic : what  is  Sociolinguistic ?

Submitted to : Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English 

what  is  Sociolinguistic ?

 Introduction( The University of Sheffield)

          The word ‘sociolinguistics’ it means the ‘sociolinguistic is context of speech ability’. the linguistic it means the science of language. we all know that we learn to sociolinguistic in the context of L2. what is sociolinguistics ? An MLC-er Weighs in :

“The study of how people use language in their everyday lives sociolinguistics looks at how identities are manifested through the words we use and how, through language we create, maintain and disrupt relationship with others”

                    Sociolinguistic is the study of the relationship between Language and Society. The term sociolinguistics can help us understand why we speak differently in various social context and also help uncover the social relationship in a community.

“Sociolinguistics examines the relationship between language use and social world how language operates  within and create social structure in society”

  For Example:

             we all know that in our routine life we all speak free form the all the think and whenever speak in different languages. but we probably would not speak same to your boss at work as you would your friend or we speak to stranger as you would to your family.

             we studies in sociolinguistic common place observations that everyone does not speak a language in the same way our speech to accommodate our audience. and that we recognize members and non our communities via speech.

            sociolinguistic may also wonder whether women and men  speak the same as  each other. but I have question that why do people the same age or from the same social class or same ethnicity use similar language ? but at that time in my mind one idea about the term sociolinguistics. it is ultimately although it means SOCIOLINGUISTICS IS EVERYWHERE !!!!!!!

               Sociolinguistics studies have looked at speech communities based on social categories such as age, class ethnicity, gender, geography, profession and sexual identity. to be sure such categories are fluid: they exist only in context  and rather than standing independent of speech are generally produced through it. in short, these categories exist largely as a matter of social perception.

“sociolinguistics is concerned with language in social and cultural context, especially how people with different social identities(e.g. gender, race, class etc..) speak and how their speech change in different situations”

          To all these questions there are two different approaches of sociolinguistics:

1) Micro-sociolinguistics

2) macro-sociolinguistics

         Now let us discuss about the approaches of sociolinguistics.

1)Micro-sociolinguistics

          Micro-sociolinguistics as a linguistics dimension of society. micro-sociolinguistics refers to research with a linguistic slant, often focusing on dialect and stylistic \ register variation. the micro it means the deeper sociolinguistic study. also they both Quantitative and Qualitative  research methods have been employed to explore such linguistic phenomena as Phonological differences between dialect or discourses between male and female speaker column refers to micro-sociolinguistics as ‘social dimensions of language’.

2)Macro-sociolinguistics

            Macro-sociolinguistics looks at the behavior of entire speech communities exploring issue such as why immigrant  communities retain their native language ages in some social contexts but note in others, or how social identity can effect language choice.

           The coming together of micro-sociolinguistics in a narrow sense and macro-sociolinguistics of language , we have tools and questions of particular interest to second language (L2) practitioner. the all these questions there are many different micro and macro approaches of sociolinguistics such as :

-         Interactional sociolinguistics

-         Variations sociolinguistics

-         Historical sociolinguistics

-         Discourse Analysis

-         Conversation Analysis

-         Language planning and policy

                             Research sociolinguistic  describe three subcategories.

1)     Language Variation

2)     Language  Relativity

3)     Language in Contact

1) language Variation- ( (Ronald Carter)

               The language variation if the speaker speak the English language and the ten mistake if the language variation. some speaker are the rules our speak the english language like the copy for other also language as a process of coding every language has code   language code is important for the conveyed the idea.

- Pidginisation Process

         Pidginisation process is a process that result from contact of two or more language in a context where language need can or must be satisfied through use of a simplified code.

For Example:

             Include trading contexts or the interactions between colonized people and a conqueror. when social dominance comes into play. the language (s) of the subordinated group have most of their effect on the grammar. while the socially dominant language contributes more of the vocabulary.

- Creolisation Process

              speaker develops an elaborated code that can  accommodate the full range of life’s functions.

For Example :

         “Da Vinci Code”

         the novel reflect the secret and life of Jesus Christ. to learn language has a particular code.

- Decreolization Process

         A gradual Decreolization process can occur as speakers incorporate features from a dominant languages.

           Creolisation models in general have been complicated some what to acknowledge multidirectional linguistic influences and the dynamic virtuosity of learners  language use.

           A learner’s simplified Interlanguage a concept developed by Corder (1967) and Selinker (1972) as learners restructure their Interlanguage and move towards an L2 help L2 (Positive Transfer).

        Language Variation research has focused increasingly on issues of social context departing from early interpretations which tended to see meaning inhering in linguistic features themselves.

For Example:

       The observations of Lakoff (1975) were often interpreted to suggest that women’s use of tag questions and hedges per se rendered them linguistically less powerful.

           In the area of social class, debate central on Bernstein’s (1971) suggestion that the less ‘elaborated’ so-called ‘restricted’ code of he reported for working class students implied a conative deficit. later thinking suggests a more dynamic process in which context and category reproduce each other through speech.

         one of the most important findings of contemporary sociolinguistic research is the extent to which social categories interest.

For Example:

          Examples are studies of the commonly held stereotypes that woman speak more grammatically and are more polite than the men.

      Freeman and McElhinny(1996:251) survey the interaction of culture and gender with respect to politeness :

“ In societies where politeness is normatively valued or seen as a skill, or where acquisition of politeness is not an automatic part of language learning but requires additional training , men tend to be understood as more polite, and women are understood as impolite or too polite”

          Freeman and McElhinny note that these commonsense understanding of politeness tell us more about the working of ideology  than the actual use of language.

              A wide variety of ways in which language and society intersect in which we find social stratification of linguistic variables from phonology  and syntax to discourse and narrative conventions is documented in sociolinguistic research on:

-         Age

-         Ethnicity

-         Gender

-         Geography

-         Profession

-         Sexual Identity

-         Social Class

2) Linguistic Relativity

            The Linguistic Relativity research talk about the different culture people and their language. Thomas (1983) distinguishes between what she calls Pragma linguistics and Sociolinguistics failure. in the former speakers fail to convey their meaning because the message’s pragmatic force is misunderstood. a speaker might translate something from an L1 into a target language without the knowledge that the communicative conventions of the target language are quite different.

For Example:

          the formulaic expression ‘How are you!’ in english generally means title more than ‘ Hello’.

              Sociopragmatic failure occurs when one does not know what to say to whom a situation that can lead to violating local politeness norms.

           Hymens(1962[1981]) coined the term Ethnography of speaking it means ethic study of something background study systematic study of culture also describe the task of the researcher who is ‘concerned with the situations and uses , the patterns and functions, of speaking’ as he says, ‘it is a question of what a foreigner must learn about a group’s verbal behavior in order to participate appropriately and effectively in its activities’.

           The of the researcher becomes the description of what Hymes termed Communicative Competence.

           Canale and Swain (1980)theorized four components:

-         Communicative Competence

-         Grammatical Competence

-         Discourse Competence

-         Strategic  Competence

        The last involves appropriate language use based on knowledge  of sociocultural conventions and social context. sociolinguistic knowledge involves sensitivity to issues of context and topic as well as social parameters such as gender, age and social status.

          Scollon and Socollon’s interdiscourse communication refers to

“ The entire range of communication across boundaries of groups or discourse system”

            They remind us that ‘Effective communication requires study of cultural and discourse differences on the one hand but also requires a recognition of one’s own limitations’ in crossing discourse boundaries.

3)Language in Contact

             When speakers live in a linguistically diverse environment , several alternatives to monolingualism are available to them in a diglossic situation.

            In a diglossic situation two language exist side by side essentially in complementary distribution. One is used for formal situation and other informal contexts.

Formal situation = it is high-prestige variety.(H)

     For example: Education

                             Religion

Informal situation = frequently the vernacular and native language / variety , is considered low.(L)

               Another contact phenomenon is code-switching, which occurs when bilingual  speakers switch from one language to another in the same discourse , sometimes within the same utterance. Teacher of english  in multilingual context are faced with complex sociolinguistic and cultural phenomena.

·      Applications of Sociolinguistics(Wikipedia)

             A sociolinguistic might determine through study of social attitude that a particular vernacular would note be considered appropriate language use in a business or professional setting.

          Sociolinguistics might also study of grammar, phonetics, vocabulary and other much aspects of this sociolect much as dialectologists would study the same  for a regional dialect.

         The study of language variation is concerned with social constraints determining language in its contextual environment. Code-switching is the is the term given to the use of different varieties of language in different social situations.

              William Labov is often regarded as the founder of the study of sociolinguistics. He is especially noted for introducing the quantitative  study of language variation and change, making the sociology language into a scientific discipline.

· Conclusion

             To conclude that, sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the  effect of any and all aspect of society, including cultural norms, expectation and context on the way language is used and the effect of language use on society.

TO  Evaluate My Assignment Click Here

                                 

Works Cited

Ronald Carter, David Nunan. "Sociolinguistics." Ronald Carter, David Nunan. The Cambridge Guide to teaching english to spekers of other language. Cambridge university: Ronald Carter, David Nunan, 2001. 100-106.

Information extracted from Holmes, J., (2001). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics.

Wikipedia contributors. "Sociolinguistics." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 26 Oct. 2015. Web. 31 Oct. 2015.

My Semester 3 Presentation

My Presentation Topic General Characteristics Of Modern Age

General Characteristics Of Modern Age from radhaghevariya

To Evaluate my presentation Click Here

symbolism in the old man of the sea from radhaghevariya

To Evaluate my presentation Click Here

Chapter-3 : The Man of Color and the white women from radhaghevariya

To Evaluate my presentation Click Here

Research on the bases on Michel McCarthy’s ‘Discourse’ ? What is Discourse? from radhaghevariya

To Evaluate my presentation Click Here