The Importance of myth in Kanthapura

                  The Importance of myth in Kanthapura

Name : Radha B. Ghevariya 

Std. : M.A. SEM- 1

Sub : 

Indian Writing In English 

Roll no : 22 

Topic :  The Importance of myth in Kanthapura

Submitted to : Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English 

 Introduction

           Raja Rao was born on November 8,1908 in Hassan in the state of  Mysore in South India, Raja Rao was a well-know Brahmin family. His native language was kanarese, but his post-graduate education was in France , and if all this publications in book from in English.

             Raja Rao was concerned with the colonial language . in the foreword to ‘Kanthapura’ (19380)  published in London, if then he admitted the difficulties are

“ A language that is not one’s  Own the spirit that is one’s own”

And conveying,the various shades and omissions of Certain thought movement that looks Maltreated in an alien language”

                RajaRao the novel  Kanthapura (1938) was an the impact of Gandhi’s teaching  on non-violent resistance against the British  and then Raja Rao borrows the style and structure from Indian  vernacular tales and folk epic.

                  The novel Kanthapura in the character of the young man Moorthy who comes back from the city Kanthapura , then Rao   portrays an idealist and supporter of ahinsa and satayagraha , if also create  to cross the traditional barriers of caste , as then the old women calls the ‘ university Graduate’ , and has given up his,

“Boots and hat and  suit and had taken

To dhoti and khadi , and it was said he

Had even given up his city habit of smoking”

             Raja Rao died of heart failure on  July 8,2006 . at his home in Austin , Texas .His famous work

       

# Kanthapura (1938)

#  Changing India(1939)

#  Whither India ( 1948)

#  The serpent and the rope ( 1960)

#  Summary

     Raja Rao’s Kanthapura is one of the finest novels to come out of mid twentieth century India. Raja Rao’s first  novel Kanthapura in 1938. It is the story of a village in south India named Kanthapura and also it is the story of how Gandhi’s struggle for independence from the British came to a typical village Kanthapura the novel is narrated in the form of a ‘sthalapurana’ by an old women of the village Achkka. Kanthapura is a traditional caste ridden Indian village, which is away from all modern ways of living if their the village Kanthapura then dominant castes like Brahmins are privileged to get the best region of the village like sudras, pariahs are marginalized.

           The novel Kanthapura in the main character of the novel Moorthy is a Brahmin who, discovered a half baried linga from the village and installed it. And also then the a temple is built there , which later became the centre point of the village life.  The village Kanthapura then all ceremonies and festivals are celebrated warren the temple.

           The character of Jayaramchar as a harikathamen . harikathas  is a traditional form of storytelling was practiced in village . Jayaramchar narrated a harikathas based on Gandhi and his ideas. The novel Kanthapura its  begins its course of action when Moorthy leaves for the city and he got familiar with the Gandhian philosophy  through pamphlets and other literature.  Moorthy is a discarded foreign untouchability .  and then the village and all cast man against the foreign  government and Moorthy was excommunicated and then the other character like bade khan was a police officer a non Hindu of Kanthapura . bade khan is an enemy  of the  people who refuses  to provide shelter to him. Moorthy continued his fight against injustice and social inequality way of Gandhi after that at last Moorthy release and arrest of the satayagraha  and atrocities against women added miseries of the people . then in the last part of the novel it is mentioned that  people of the village were settled in kashipura and Kanthapura was occupied by people of Bombay.

# Myth

            Myth is a imagination not a reality . myth is always comes from  past . it Raja Rao also used the myth in framework . myth always related with ideal truth and real world . the use of mythical technique means that the past is juxtaposed with the present in this way the past may serve us criticism of the present or it may be used to heighten and glorify the preset . according to Meenakshi Mukhrjee,

“ Kanthapura is again another and a

Larger attempt at creating a sthala

Purana , that is a legendary tale of

A  specific locality”

   

                       Myth always tells individual story , early  history of people, social background supernatural beings of events.

#  Importance of myth  Kanthapura

          Myth is one type of particular device that introduce cultural background and historical movement Kanthapura novel written by raja Rao . Raja Rao is using the myth in Kanthapura. The importance of myth in Kanthapura is a microcosm of the Indian society with division of people into castes, untouchability, poverty  exploitation and  foreign ruler and ruthless tyranny at their hands and then the division of the village into the Brahmin quarters the potter quarters  and so on speak of the age long caste system  and untouchability.

  Raja Rao write,    

                                      

“ There is no village in India says Raja Rao , however mean that has not a rich sthala Purana or legendry history of its own some God or god like hero has passed by the village Rama might have rested under the papal  tree…..”

             The using  central myth of Kanthapura is of ram-sita-ravana, which  is the used to illustrate the fight between Mahatma Gandhi and the British and another use of myth Siva is the three eyed god so is swaraj and parvati wooed   and won Siva through penances , so does gandhi , Endeavour,  attain independence through penances so does Gandhi Endeavour to attain independence through ordeals the myth of Kanthapura is connected with the Ramayana and Mahabharata. The independence is like sita sullied at the hands of ravana and Gandhi like rama  strives to regain her .  Gandhi’s visit to England for the round table  conference is like the  visit of ram to lanka after  Ravana’s defeat if their Gandhi is rama and  Jawaharlal Nehru is bharta. 

             In this novel Kanthapura it is a small and beautiful village of people  but who still belongs to the old world of superstition . Raja Rao use Indian myth sensibility and tradition myth in the novel. Kanthapura shares certain narrative technique with Purana. The story by a village grandmother  and the style reflect oral heritage also  represent the harikathas. In the village we see the one temple and  this temple is most important for villagers. In this temple Jayaramchar narrate ‘ Harikathas’ and many katha  related on Gandhian ideas. Raja Rao use  Indian sensibility, tradition myth mysticism , religion , techniques in the novel. Raja Rao tells us that as soon as Gandhi was born “ the four wide walls began to shine like the kingdom of the sun, and hardly was he in the cradle than the began to lisp the language of wisdom” the harikathas man Jayaramchar raises Gandhi to the level of god by his activities with one particular feat of Krishna.

“ you remember how Krishna when he was But a babe of four, had began to fight against Demons and had killed the serpent kali,so Too our Mohandas began to fight, against The enemies of the country”

Conclusion

       Raja Rao has also  used the  myth and reality in the novel ‘Kanthapura’ through their  customs, attitudes , ritual and also through their  belief about the religiosity.

Six Part of Tragedy

                                     "Six Part Of Tragedy" 

Name : Radha B. Ghevariya 

Std. : M.A. SEM-1

Sub : literary Theory and Criticism

Roll no : 22 

Topic : 

 "Six Part Of Tragedy" 

Submitted to : Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English 

Introduction 

                 Aristotle the father of western criticism was versatile genious . his mind was opened to different branches of knowledge . such as politics , physics , history , logic , astrology , ethics , mathematics , biology , and literature . Aristotle had this and unquenchable thirst of knowledge . According to R . A. Scott James ,

                      “Aristotle was law giver and absolut  Monarch to the poets and critic……..”

          He was such a genious that even his master plato praised him and  humourously remark ;                  

     “ my acedamy consisted of two part  ,the body of other student and the  Brain of Aristotle”             

                   Aristotle stirred the scholars of world by presenting the illuminating ideas . his ‘poetics’ is a path breaking work which deals with his famous definition of tragedy and his ideas about poetry , plot , character.

Definition of tragedy                       

    Aristotle has given very popular the definition of tragedy in his ‘poetics’. Let us here recall his familiar definition of tragedy using Proffessor Butcher’s reclearing;

                     “Tragedy then is an imitation of an Action that is serious , complete ,    And of a certain magnitude ; in Language embellished with each Kind of artistic ornament , the Veral kinds being found in seperate Part of the play ; in the  form  of    Action not of narration ;  The pity and fear effecting the
           Proper purgation of these emotion”

                        Aristotle  provides a definition of tragedy that we can break into seven  parts : 1] it involve mimesis; 2] it is serious ; 3] the action is complete and with magnitude ;4] it is made up of language with the ‘aesthetic delight’ of rhythm and harmony ; 5] these aesthetic ornament ; are not used uniformly throughout , but are introduced in separate part of the work so that , for instance , some bits are sung ; 6] it is performed rather than narrated ; and 7] it arouse the emotions of pity and fear and accomplishes catharsis of these emotions.                

               Aristotle indicates that the medium of tragedy is drama not narrative ; tragedy ‘show’ rather than ‘tells’  and also Aristotle say that tragedy is higher and more philosophical than history because history simply realtes  what has happened while has dramatizes what may happen.

                          “what  is possible according to The law of probability or necessity”

 

Formative element of tragedy    

         Aristotle onumerates six formative element of tragedy.                       

 1] Plot ( mythos )                    

 2] Character ( ethos )                     

3] Song ( melos )                    

4] Diction ( lexis )                   

5] Thought ( Dianaia )                   

6] Spectacle ( Opsis )                

                Aristotle assert that any tragedy can be divided into six formative element and that every tragedy is made up of these six parts with nothing else beside .

1]  Plot ( Mythos)

      

                Aristotle believes that “plot  is the soul of tragedy” . According to him plot is the most important element of tragedy . he  compares plot with the soul . by this he means that human body is governed by soul . when the soul leaves the body . Aristotle says that there could be tragedy without character but not without plot . according to him , “plot is the soul of tragedy” . plot that meets this criterion will have the following qualities . the plot of Oedipus the king for an application of this  diagram Sophocles play.

                      While history thus deals with the particular and tragedy with the universal . Aristotle also defines plot as  “ the arrangement of the incident” . that is not the story itself but the way the incident are presented to the audience the structure of the play. The plot must be ‘ whole’ with a beginning , middle , and end . THE BEGINNING  called by modern critic , the incentive moment , if the cause and effect chain but not be dependent on anything outside the compass of the play. THE MIDDLE called by climax must  be caused by earlier incident and itself cause the incident that follow it . THE END called by resolution if must be caused by the preceding event but not lead to other incident outside the compass of the play. Aristotle define it as ,

                      “ The harmonious arrangement of
                         The incident …………………………….”                    

                The cause  and effect chain of action are superior those who are depended on the character of the protagonist . certain magnitude means size or length nor too nor to short . but it should be governed by aesthetic pleasure. Aristotle divided the plot into two kinds.                         

1] Simple plot 2] Complex plot

1] Simple plot
                         

             A plot is a simple , when the change in  the fortune , of view takes place without ‘peripetia’ and ‘anagnorsis’ . ‘peripetia’ means reversal and ‘anagnorsis’ means recognizatiopn . Aristotle calls it, ‘a translation from ignorance to knowledge’. Even animinated becomes the recognition in the drama as per Aristotle.

2] Complex plot

                        A complex plot involve both ‘peripetia’ and ‘anagnorsis’. Aristotle prefers a complex plot .Aristotle believes that a complex plot  is suitable for the tragedy . complex plot takes terms or twist throughout the tragedy.  It is not the strait or linear. The audience find it interesting because a complex plot defeats the readers expectation when about the trake of a story it becomes highly interesting. because it capture the attention of the very beginning of the play . a complex plot can generate the true effect of tragedy . Aristotle also  believes in the three unities unity of time ,place and action . Aristotle believes that these unities strengthen effect of tragedy . unity of time -this unity define that the action of the play should cover within 24 hours of time .unity of place-according to Aristotle the play must have one single it means the place for the action should only one place . unity of action-this unity observes that should be only one plot, even in the sub plots generate confusion Aristotle strictly insists to avoid  the plurality.               

             The plot may be either simple or complex , although complex is better . simple plots have only a “change of fortune”. While complex plots have both “reversal of intention” and “recognition” connected with the catastrophe. Aristotle explains that a peripeteia occurs when character produces an effect opposite  to that which he intended to produce while an ansgnorsis,                      

“Is a change form ignorance to  Knowledge producing love or Hate between the persons
    Destined for good or bad fortune”

              Further, Aristotle emphasizes on action by saying that,                    

“ without action there cannot be a Tragedy ; there may be witho        C      h      a    r    a    c    t    e    r”

2] Character ( ethos )
                    

             In the respect of character Aristotle mainly finds four thing :-

1) Character should be good.
2) It  should be appropritate.
3) It should have  likeness.
4) It should  have consistency.

               The character should be good not too good or perfect.by appropritate  Aristotle  means that  they must be prove true type  . by likeness he suggests to main the character life like . by  consistency , he means that three must be no sudden charges in character .  character are men and woman who act. The hero and  heroine are two important figures.             

                  In a  perfect tragedy , character will support plot , that is personal motivations will be intricately connected parts of the cause and effect chain of actions producing pity and fear in the audience for , “pity is aroused by unmerited misfortune , fear by the misfortune of a man like ourselves” . A tragic hero should be a main of mixed character.  this misfortune  should be the result of some arron arron in his character.                 

                     “necessity or probable” characters must be logically constructed according to “the law of  probability or necessity” that governs the actions of the play. “true to life and yet more beautiful” . Aristotle uses there , ‘hamartia’ often translated ‘tragic hero’ has been the subject of much debate . the role of hamartia  in tragedy comes not form its moral status  but from the inevitability of its consequences. So , some writer think the ‘hamartia’ and ‘tragic hero’  just like this .

              * ‘Macbeth’ was noble character . but his vaiting ambitious leads him to his full . it is called tragic flaw.

             *  In the same way Hamlet’s procrastination and othello’s jealously lead them  to the disruction . in this way the characters which are  noble , but with a weakness can generate catharsis. But , these things do not constitute ‘hamartia’ in Aristotle’s sence.

3]Song(melos)

              The song is  one of these embellish . song is the musical component of tragedy . it is used to relieve the tenstion or tragic effect music is a minor element , yet it can not ignored . it is drought by performer’s art . melos means ‘melody’ and this refers to the  chorus since the chorus gives important information it should be considered an important part of the play sometime the chorus adds humoror suspense.

                 Aristotle argue that the chorus should be fully integrated into the play like an actor ; chorus odes should not be “mere interudes” . but  should contribute to the unity of the plot .

4] Diction ( lexis )                  

              Aristotle deals with diction in there chapter form 20 to 22 in ‘poetics’ . Diction is the medium of language or expression through which the characters reveals their throught and feelings . the language should not be common . metaphor and other figure of speech makes the language fit for the grand character . Diction is fourth and is ,

“The expression of the meaning in words”

              Which are proper and appropriate to the plot , character , and end of the tragedy .  in all the element Aristotle discusses the  stylistic element of tragedy ; he is particularly in metaphor ;    

 “ but the greatest thing by Is to have a command for     Metaphor ; ……………..it is the   Mark of genius , for to make Good metaphor implies  an                    Eye       for        resemblances”         

                    There is lexis , which means language

And refers to the language the character use . It should be limbic high quality .

5]Thought(Dianoia) 

      
                           Thought means power of saying , filting to occusion . it is an intellectual element in tragedy . it  is expressed through the speech of character . It is found where something is proved to be or not to be , thought  prove some particular point .

                     Thought seems to denote the intellectual qualities of an agent while character seems to denote the moral qualities of an agent .Thought that is the faculty of saying what is possible and pertinent in given circumstances .

6]Spectacle(opsis)  

             Spectacle has more relastion with  stage craft this element has least . to do with poet’s craft . spectacle related with the stage performance and but he also says that those who on spectacle creat a sense which is not of the terrible . but only of the monstrous effect ,

               “ the production of spectacular
                  Effect depends more on the
                  Art of the stage mechinist than                  On that of the port                 …………….”

              Aristotle calls spectacle the ‘ least artistic’ element of tragedy and the least connected with the work of the poet .

For example :-                   

               If the play has ‘beautiful’ costume and ‘bad’ acting and ‘bad’ story there is ‘something wrong’ with it .even though that ‘beauty, may save play it is ‘not a nice thing’ .                  

          The spectacle has indeed an emotional attraction of its own , but of all the parts , it is the least artistic , and connected least with the art of poetry .

Conclusion             

                To conclude we can say that Aristotle studied only greek tragedy . therefore a theory of tragedy might have some limitations . yet his views universally applicable . Aristotle establish scientific study of tragedy . so , Scott James rightly remarks ;

       “ In giving us this theory of tragedy
         , he has given as something very          Like a theory of fine - art”

         Thus , in ‘ the poetics’  Aristotle has given the ideas about tragedy , its essential element .
Even  Saintsbury says ;        

“It is impossible for anyone
     Who undertakes the office
            Of a critic , to omit the stud  Of Aristotle without very Great       h     a     r     m” .
                       

Critical appreciation of ‘Robinson Crusoe’ by Daniel Defoe

  Critical appreciation of ‘Robinson Crusoe’ by Daniel Defoe.

Name : Radha B. Ghevariya 

Std. : M.A. SEM-1

Sub : The Ne0-Classical literature

Roll no : 22 

Topic :  Critical appreciation of ‘Robinson Crusoe’ by Daniel Defoe.

Submitted to : Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English 

Introduction

                           

            Daniel Defoe was born in  1659 . Daniel Defoe was an English trader, writer, journalist, pamphleteer, and spy. then the famous his novel  ‘Robinson Crusoe’ . Daniel Defoe born toward of the summer of 1660 died on  April 24 , 1731 . his original surname  foe , Defoe altered it in 1703 . Defoe  was an author of famous novel ‘ Robinson Crusoe’ a simply the story of a man shipwrecked alone on an island . whenever , Samuel Richardson  Defoe is considered the founder of the English novel . Daniel Defoe before his time stories  were usually written as long as long poem or dramas .

“ One day , about noon , going towards my

Bout , I was exceedingly surprised with the

Print of a man’s naked  foot on the shore

Which was very plain to be seen on the sand”

       

                                         by Robinson Crusoe

                 Daniel  Defoe was one of the first to write stories about believable character in realistic situation using simple prose . he achieved literary immorality when in  April 1719 he published  ‘ Robinson Crusoe’ , a travelogue . which was based partly on the memoirs of voyagers and castaway . as a journalist  Defoe must have heard his story and possibly interviewed him .

· The theme of the novel

   

“ The themes are the fundamental  and often

Universal  ideas explored in a literary work”

             The novel becomes prototypical of colonial novel . it starts with trade .

· The   Ambivalence of mastery.

· The necessity  of repeatance.

· The importance of self awareness.

· The Ambivalence of mastery

                       Crusoe’s  success in muster of his situation then controlling his environment show all the  condition of  mastery in light  beginning of a novel . Crusoe state on the island and inhospitable environment but if makes it his home than  the master of  crusoe and another  the theme  of mastery is the more complex  and positive of Friday . in his ideas of  mastery comes  to apply for the unfair relationship between  Crusoe and Friday .  Crusoe  also trained by Friday . Crusoe the ‘master, then Friday ‘yes’ and he lets him ‘know that was to be  name’ . Daniel Defoe is also kind the link of the colonial mind of human being .

# The necessity of repentance

              

                            Robinson Crusoe is not only an adventure story but also a moral  tale .  Crusoe believes that his  rebellious behaviour toward his father , he refers to as his ‘origin sin to Adam and  eve’s first disobence of god . ironically view of necessity of repentance  of ends up sin Crusoe  may never have learned top repent if he had never sinfully disobeyed his father in the first place.

# The importance of self - awareness

                                    His island existence actually depends his self - awareness as he withdraws  from the external   social world and turns inward . after arriving at island , he  remains aware of his own self . Crusoe feels the   importance of staying aware  of his situation at all times .

# Full title of the  novel

   

                         Robinson Crusoe is a novel written by  Daniel Defoe . this novel first  published on 25 , April , 1719 .  the first edition credited the work’s fictional protagonist  Robinson Crusoe as it’s author and the many readers to believe . he was a real person and the book a travelogue of the true incidents the original title is;

“ The life and strange surprising adventures of Robinson Crusoe , of York , mariner :  who liyed eight and twenty

Years all alone in an uninhabited island an the coast of

America , near the mouth of the great river of orooneque:

Having been  cast on shore by shipwreck wherein   all the

Men perished but himself with an account how he has at

Last as strangely delivered by pyrites…….”

                 The novel is it’s simple narrative style and then Robinson Crusoe was well known as the literary  world  and then credited as  marking . the beginning of realistic way of fiction as a literary genre and before the end of novel 1719 the book had alredy ran through four edition .

# Historical Background

                  

                                  By the time of Robinson Crusoe European nations had acquird empires in south America , Asia  and Africa  . Daniel Defoe was display interested in the voyages . so , he wrote about voyages. Daniel Defoe tells  tale of a marooned individual in order in critize society . by using the island location , similar to that of tempt , Defoe also depict Crusoe’s island as a microcosm of European society . Crusoe’s European values  and education are evident : he colonizes the island by building houses . his successful development on the island parallels that of the British empire  around the 18^th century .

# Plot - overview of the novel

                             Crusoe sets sail from the in Hull on a sea voyage in August , 1651 . Crusoe against the wishes of his parents . crusoe wants him to pursue a career if possibly in law . after a tumultuous journey where his shipwrecked in a storm . his lust for the sea out to sea gain . later that two years he escapes in a bout with a boy named Xury . xury a captain of a Portuguese  ship off the west coast of Africa  rescues him  Crusoe is a  shipwrecked in a about  forty miles out to sea on an island near the mouth of the Orinoco river on 30 , September ,1659 .

                  Crusoe sees penguins  and  seals  on his island only he and three animals the captain’s dog and two cats the survive shipwreck . Crusoe making mark in A wooden cross he creates a calendar by using tools  salvaged from the  ship . Crusoe also adopt a small parrot .   Crusoe believes in Christianity  and he reads the bible and becomes religious  thinking god for his fate in which nothing is missing but human society .

                   Crusoe meets a new companion ‘ Friday’ . after the day of the week he appeared  Crusoe teaches him English and Friday converts him to Christianity . Crusoe and Friday kill most of the natives  and save two  prisoners . if their Friday’s  father and bring back the other , build a ship , and a sail to a Spanish port .

                 Crusoe leaves the island 19 , December , 1686. And arrives in England on 11 , June , 1687 . if the learns that his family believed in dead . as a result but he  was left nothing in his father’s will . Crusoe transports his wealth overland to England to avoid travelling by sea .

# Theme of moral tale and religion

                  Daniel  Defoe in his novel Robinson Crusoe . Defoe creates a moral tale  of rewards and punishment the repentance is a theme that runs through the novel . Crusoe believe in Christianity  and console himself regularly through the    shipwreck , and Crusoe teaches the Christianity  Crusoe means is that to is that to Christianized is to make them civilized .

                     Robinson Crusoe religions theme are concerned the idea of  providence plays a prominent role  . his indication towards  religion is perhaps the most prominent aspect that has been emphasized throughout the novel . he discovers god with the exclusive aid of the bible he had with him then his nature of Protestantism is shown when he remains unable to preach man Friday  about the aspect of Christianity . even though he manages to  Christianizes him if he creates  entire catholic   church and its systems .

              However , the theme of religion is Robinson Crusoe  is the most important one and is prominent throughout the novel . according to  J. p . Hunter , Robinson Crusoe is not a hero but an everyman he begins aimless on a see he does not  understand and ends as a pilgrim , crossing a final mountain to enter  the promised land , however  the novel is how Robinson becomes  closer to god not through listening to sermons in church but through spending time alone amongst nature with only a bible to read .  if also Robinson Crusoe is filled with religion aspects .the novelist Daniel Defoe was a puritan moralist and normally worked in the guide tradition writing books on how to be good puritan Christian . the new family instructor ( 1727 ) and religion courtship ( 1722 ) . if also then  Robinson Crusoe is far more than a guide it  share many of the themes and theological  and moral point of view.

#  Character: Robinson  Crusoe  

                             Robinson  Crusoe as a narrator of the story . Crusoe sets sail at nineteen year of age  Robinson Crusoe the protagonist of Defoe’s novel  Crusoe headstrong young man when we meet him in 1651 in his home town of Hull, England . Crusoe parents are German and his father’s  original last name was kreatzaner  and before he come to  England from the German town of Bremen  . after  Crusoe against the parents ,  and begins a life of  ‘sea adventure’ . his father wants him him to be a lawyer but he wants to be  sea voyager . Robinson Crusoe is an Englishman from the town of  York in the 17^th century . he become from apper middle class  family . Crusoe  believe  in Christianity and Crusoe as an  economic man . the existence of other is for his economic advantages . as a also becomes mythmaker .

·      Robinson Crusoe becomes a merchant and is captured .

·      Robinson Crusoe is shipwrecked.

·      Robinson Crusoe lands on his island .

                     Robinson Crusoe is no flashly hero or grand epic adventure . he is a display character traits that won him the  approval of  generation of readers.

                     The  swiss  philosopher of readers . the swiss philosopher Jean -JACQUES Rousseaq says that,

“ Robinson Crusoe it youeself independence  ,

And in his book on education , emile he reco-

Mmeds that children be taught  to imitate ,

Crusoe’s hands on approach to life”

                 Moreover , Robinson Crusoe is never interest in portraying himself as a  hero of his own narration he also feels that the unheroic feelings of fear or panic and if he finds the footprint on the beach than the ordinary sensible man , and if he never exception hero . Crusoe seems to incapable of deep feelings and shown by his cold account of leaving his family . he only worry about the disobeying his father decision but  if Crusoe never displaying any emotion about leaving . Crusoe as a very generous people . Crusoe tells us that he has gotten married and that his wife has died all within the same sentence . his difference to her seems almost cruel . if there is the individual personality . crusoe is rather dull if after then meeting with Friday.

#  Friday

                 Friday is drawn by the narrator as an nonwhite man . Friday represent all the native place of America , Asia and Africa in the age of European imperialism . thy oppressed by other . Crusoe also love Friday the remarkable revelation if cruaoe  expresses his love for him not for sister , wife and brother or then the parents . if also  suggest the appeal of Friday’s personality .

‘Hamlet’ as a play-within-a-play

                       ‘Hamlet’  as a play-within-a-play

Name : Radha B. Ghevariya 

Std. : M.A. SEM-1

Sub : The Renaissance Literature

Roll no : 22 

Topic :‘Hamlet’  as a play-within-a-play

Submitted to : Smt. S. B. Gardi Department of English 

 Introduction

                          William Shakespeare was born in 26^th April, 1564. He was an English poet , playwright , and actor . Widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world’s pre-eminent dramatist. Shakespeare produced most of his work between 1589 and 1613 . Shakespeare wrote mainly tragedies  until about 1608 . than has wrote four great tragedies like Hamlet , King lear , Othello , and Macbeth . Hamlet was one of the great tragedy . In this play the uses his famous technique of ‘play- within-a- play’. Which makes his drama effective. Here by using this it clear his doubt about his father ‘s murder. Because in the beginning Act-1 hamlet meet his father’s ghost who reveals him about the reality of his father’s murder.

                         Since that hamlet was is dilemma about the ghost’s declaration. To verify it hamlet takes  the help of players who come to perform for hamlet. But hamlet convince them to act play, named ‘ The Murder of Ganzago’  in front of Claudius and Gertrude to show their concise. Hamlet is the same , story , like ‘The Murder  of Ganzago’ . Hamlet knew it showed the poising of a person a in the same way the ghost said his father was killed. Hamlet hopes Claudius will have a strong reaction to seeing that ,which will prove cludias’s gulit.   

                

          However , hamlet in director mode , tells the actor how he wants them to perform the play . he had like it to come off naturally . which means they shouldn’t be too loud , or gesticulate too much , as bad actor often do and they should use their discretions to build up suspense with their actions and after that as everyone gets settled . Hamlet pulls Horatio aside , Horatio is a Hamlet friend and Hamlet is a very famous early example of Meta- Theater because it contains a ply-within-a-play .  

                   

          The play- within-a-play is used  by Hamlet to give him more evidence  against Claudius . Hamlet has not yet carried through with his plan to avenge his father’s death . he blames himself and believe that this inaction is cowardly . however , he also suggests perhaps to make himself feel better , that he has no concrete evidence that Claudius is guilty . the ghost may have been a ‘devil’ and not to be believed ;         

                                

“ The spirit that I have seen may be a devil : And the devil hath power t’ assume  a   Pleasing  shape”

                   Hamlet has had the fortune of knowing he needs him to watch Claudius’s reactions to the play  and during the last scene of the play killing of the king in exactly the way Claudius would have killed king Hamlet and then they can figure out whether Claudius really did killed perform  is a variant of  ‘ The murder of gonzago’  . the first scene the queen repeatedly swears to bad husband . but the king that she will never remarry .  

                                           

“She is faithful now , but she will forget all her Faithfulness as soon as she’s in    her new Husband bad , which should happen roughly  About the time her old husband   dies”   

                              

      The play ‘The murder of gonzago’ the queen it is obviously like the Gertrude but she still keepsher  cool.          

                               

        “ The lady doth protest too much , methinks”

            She tells Hamlet and Hamlet  says the play called ‘The mouse trap’ and they a wicked peeve of work but wouldn’t brother anybody with a clean conscience  the play ‘Hamlet’ is the husband king is taking a nap when his nephew sneaks in and pours poison in his ear exactly what   Claudius died hamlet dismisses everyone to have a little soliloquy  about what’s going on in the dark corners of his mind the time when.                                           

“ Churchyards yawn and hell itself out  Contagion to this world”

               So , in hamlet the uses play-within - a -play technique to which Hamlet gives the title ‘the mouse trap’ . one of the most interesting plot device in hamlet is play - within - a - play. Then, the play he believe will prove his uncle’s  guilt for the murder of the king . the play  - within - a - play has been re - imaged in hundred of ways in various production of  Hamlet . in the text a queen Gertrude and king speak to each other with many professions of love ; the queen argues that should her husband ever die . she would be as bad as his killer to marry again and Hamlet uses the play to observe his uncle’s reaction.

Hamlet’s motive in staging a play
                     

                          In act-2 , scene-2 Hamlet conceives the plan of a play called ‘ The murder of gonzago’ and invite the king and the queen beside the courtiers . too see it . his motive in stage this play is to set a verification of the story of his father’s murder  as narrated to him by the ghost. In the soliloquy with which this scene closes Hamlet bitterly scolds himself for his delay in executing his revenge  but it occurs to him that the ghost he has seen might be the devil disguise and that the devil might have tried to  tempthim to commit an  evil deed by telling him a falsehood pertaining to his father’s death.                         

                                                 

  “ The spirit that I have seen may be the devil   And the devil hath power assume a pleasing   Shape yea and perhaps out of may weakness  And my melancholy as he  is very potent with   Such spirit abuses me to olumn me”                                                                                           ( ACT-2 , SCENE - 2 )       

Immediately after hamlet speaks with the  ghost and he tells about horatio , marcells and bernaldo

.                                   “ It is an honest ghost that let me tell you”  

                    

               Hamlet dos not believe his father’s ghost but  if he want into Claudius and told him that he  from a ghost that he is a murderer and after that hamlet meets the players and is alone and than  realize that he can have the actor play the scene of how is father was killed to see how it is performed and than Claudius guilt. And hamlet realize his father murder own uncle Claudius and his moth.       

              

             However, it is really not hamlet’s doubt about the ghost’s honesty or ambition that hinders his inaction to kill Claudius , but his inability to justify himself becoming a murderer and then finding the right opportunity to carry out the task . hamlet is young man and king of Denmark . it is a lot of ask for him to kill Claudius and live his mother Gertrude and to the judgement of god. Than , reason that motivates hamlet to have the players act out the murder scene isn’t really clear . but the end result is certainly effective enough to keep hamlet on the path to keep hamlet on the path of revenge.

 Horatio assistance needed  by hamlet

               In act-3 , scene - 2 hamlet seeks assistance of horatio . whom he had already taken into confidence regarding the secrete  that revealed to him by the ghost hamlet ask horatio to watch the kings take in the play ‘ the murder of gonzago’ . in the first two scene of act -3 . hamlet and Claudius both devices trap to catch one another’s secrete Claudius if hamlet to discovers the true nature of his madness and hamlet attempt ‘catch the conscience of the king” in the theatre ( act-3 , scene - 1 , 582)        

              

              The play - within - a - play  hamlet is the story of gonzago . gonzago is the duke of Vienna , and his wife bapista ,and bapista marries his murdering nephew lucianus . hamlet  believes in the  play is an more opportunity to establish a more realible for Claudius’s guilt than the  claims of the ghost . than the Claudius is guilty by reading his behaviour for sings of a psychological state of guilt. However , Claudius does not react to the dumbshow , which  exactly mimics the action of which the ghost aceuses Claudius than the ewact to the play itself which unlike dumbshow than makes   it clear that the king murdered by nephew . after that Claudius react being different with his own crimes  or to a play about the uncle killing and sponsored by his crazy  nephew ?        

            

           He even expresses admiration and affection for horatio’s clam  level headness the luck of which is his own weakest point;       

                              

“ Give me that man that is not passion’ slave  And I will wear him in my heart’s core , an in My heart of heart as I do  thee”                                                                                               ( act - 3 ,scene - 2 , 64 -) 67 )   

                                                    

                   Ihis  scene he clear and prove that he is not insance all and effortless with which he afternates between wild , erretic behaviour and focused the scene behaviour . the play ‘ the murder of gonzago’ and let him know after words the conclusion he comes to ;          

      

“ Give him needful note for I mine eyes will  Rivet to his face and after we will both our  Judgments join in censure of his seeming”                                                               ( act - 3 , scene - 2 )     

            

                      Horatio is hamlet’s closest friend and in act -3 , scene - 2 the  audience can see why because hamlet describes the best  qualities he see is in horatio. First hamlet  admires that horatio doesn’t allow himself to be broken down by the bad fortune . the horatio has experiences bad fortune as we all do he accept both good and Bad fortunewithout allowing himself to experience extreme unbridled emotion .

                                           “ Thou hast been as one in suffering all ,   That suffers nothing ; a man that fortune’s    Buffets and rewards hust ta ‘en with equal thanks”

 The king’s crime confirmed by his reaction to the play

            Claudius watching for a second time the re - enactment of his crime , is at breaking point and when hamlet  makes the  following comment ;

                                                                         “ You shall see anon how the murder gets the    Murder  gets the love of gonzago’s wife” 

                   

                        Hamlet has been informed of his father’s murder b a ghost  and then he devices this big scheme of confirming the king’s guilt  by staging a play mimicking the murder of king hamlet and hamlet was keeps thinking , confirming and planning but does nothing and hamlet told that the king of ghost and has had something Leartes  poison the sword that he had wounded hamlet with and hamlet’s father murder and incites  him to kill Claudius . however , the fact that he knew Claudius had planned his murder  we can still not say that he finally arranged his  father’s death . after  that his father  death and his mother Gertrude marry with own uncle Claudius . than  father’s death hasn’t caused him as much pain as his mother’s  incestuous relationship with Claudius.   

                                     

             Hamlet himself does not exactly know that his problem is he keeps deluding himself with all keeps deluding himself  with all kinds of excauses……….the second scene of the play makes it clear that it is the clear weak and corrupt condition of Denmark and then  the beginning of the play . hamlet  has had suspence which are gradually confirmed as the plot develops that claudius has exerted a very evil upon the country.  The king rises hamlet’s behaviour  must have struck all the courtiers witnessing the play . as untroubled . they must have clearly seen the resemblance between some of the events of the play  and the   familiar facts of his father’s  death and his mother’s remarriage . when hamlet shows the  expression of the claudius face he got confirmation  of the ghost’s story.

     Hamlet’s failure to take promett action
                                          

       It was clear to the play  that Claudius  murdered the king but  also hamlet fail to take a decision . if that uncertainty is over hamlet ought promptly now to  promptly now to proceed to his revenge . In a soliloquy at the end of this scene hamlet  expresses his mood of fury saying ;

“ Now could I  drink hat blood  and do such   Better business  a the day would quake t  Look  on”  

 (act - 3 , scene -2)                                                

               Hamlet tries  to kill Claudius three times . hamlet gets  to potentially kill  Claudius . sometimes when hamlet he could potentially pull a knife and just stab him to death they of course. Hamlet knows Claudius is the murder for   his father. Hamlet has an undoubted chance to kill cladius;                           

“ Now might I do it put,   Now he is praying ; And now I ‘ll dot”                                                               

( Act -3 , scene – 3)                                     

               Hamlet also talks himself out of it , and  after that , at which he sees Claudius  he could kill him. But the graveyard scene the “ where is polonius?” and by mistake he does eventually kill him

Conclusion :-    

                                             

The play - within - a- play  is the action occur in the play ‘ Hamlet’ . hamlet  the hero of the play uses this tendency  to confusion about his father’s murder . though the play he was confirm that his father’s murder was done by his uncle  Claudius and his mother Gertrude.

                                   “ The character of hamlet stands quite by itself  It is not a character marked by  strength of Will or even of passion but by refinement  of Thought and sentime………………”                                                                                    -        Hazlitt