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comparision between waiting for godot and swamp dwellers from radhaghevariya
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Monday, 28 March 2016
Saturday, 19 March 2016
Advertisement in Media
Name: Radha B. Ghevariya
STD: M.A (Sem-4)
Subject : The Mass Communication and Media Studies
Roll No. : 22
Submitted to : Department of English Maharaja
krishnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar University
Introduction
The term
“Media” it’s large umbrella term. which is through we communicate everything.
”The
media's the most powerful entity on earth. They have the power to make the
innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and that's power. Because they
control the minds of the masses”
Media are the collective communication outlets
or tools that are used to store and deliver information’s or data. it is either
associated with communication media , or the specialized communication
businesses such as print media and the press, photography, advertising, cinema
, broadcasting on radio or Tv, and or publishing .
The
Advertisement play vital role in Media. first of all we can define that what is
Advertisement ?
“Advertisement
is dissemination of information concerning an idea, service or product to
compel action in accordance with the interest of the advertiser”
Advertising is a
form of marketing communication used to persuade an audience to take or
continue some action, usually with respect to a commercial offering, or
political or ideological support. We use media in various ways like newspaper, fliers,
business cards, billboards, etc. Here are few types through which we can found advertisements.
Indoor Advertisement Outdoor Advertisement Print Advertisement Online Advertisement Celebrity Advertisement Covert Advertisement Surrogate Advertisement Broadcast Advertisement
let’s start the brief note on various
Advertisement.
1. Indoor Advertisement
Indoor Advertisement it means
where people get the message sitting at home, through the newspaper , magazine
or hears a radio or engrossed in TV programme or film the advertisement
programme is an indoor.
a. Newspaper
Newspaper is an important for the indoor advertisement. a sizable share
of the total advertising budget is spent on advertising in newspapers in
English & regional language newspaper. many newspapers in English are
national in circulation. the usual inputs to the newspapers are :
ü finished art work
ü blocks
ü paper mats
For newspaper like the Hindu ,
Times Of India etc,… the final artworks should be sent well in advance certain
regional newspaper which use type set printing require blocks and certain
newspaper which have several editions printed at different places may require
several paper mats. the paper mats are cheap replica of the blocks , but the
reproduction in printing may not be as accurate as a block. the rate cards
maybe had from the newspaper , on application, and usually the rates are based
on the column , centimeters of the newspapers.
For e.g.
the rate in “ THE TIMES OF INDIA” is
Rs.75/- per column the charge differ
from newspaper to newspaper depending upon the circulation and readership.
b. Magazine
Magazine is most important advantage is the length of life. the
advertisement may be seen several times. also the better kind of paper and so
better reproduction. the reader of the magazine or journals may be specialists
and professionals. paper magazine if selected , reaches the right kind of
target audience. more circulation and more readership and so the advertisement
cost per reader is much less.
c. Radio
Radio Advertising can be described as “Word of mouth Advertising on a
whole sale” . the radio is a prominent vehicle of advertising in our country
and accounts for a large sum of the total advertisement budget. the radio
serves principally the local rather than
the national market. the impact of radio is quite clear in advanced nations as
one tunes over seas like VOA (voice of America) , BBC (British Broadcasting
Corporation).
2. Outdoor Advertisement
Advertising on billboards or signboards outside of a building and often by
the roadside consider as Out‐Door
Advertising. outdoor advertising is capable of gaining more attention. it
offers great selectivity . it could be used locally regionally or even
nationally. also the flexibility is present. it is semi-permanent. once the
board is exhibited, it is could be kept there for quite a long time. it is a
very good medium to stress brand names and package identity. the outdoor
advertisement like ;
ü Poster
ü Printed Displays
ü Advertising Boards
ü Travelling Displays
ü Electric Displays
ü Sky Writing
ü Sandwitch Men
i.
Poster
A poster is a sheet of a paper containing a message and posted on the
face of a panel. the Advertisement is either lithographed or printed or painted
by hand on a sheet on paper. the poster may be posted on the face of card board
or a metallic sheet and then exhibited at the place contracted for.
ii. Printed Displays
It also to the poster discussed
above. the size is very big. they contain pictures etc… it is found in cinema
advertising.
iii.
Advertising
Boards
 |
These are also posters to be
kept at certain fixed places especially at point where people frequently
assemble. Bus stop , railways station etc…. offer good places for kind of
advertising . “SELVEL” , “ADSITES” , “GOMET PUBLICITIES” etc…. are some of the
famous hoarding contractors in India.
iv.
Travelling
Displays
The travelling Display refers
to moving advertisements. the advertisements on moving vehicles such as buses
and railway trains offer examples of this type of advertising. this form is
very effective.
3. Print Advertisement
If an advertisement is
printed on paper, be it newspapers, magazines, brochures, fliers that would be
considered a portable printed medium, then it comes under print media.
4. Online Advertisement
Online Advertisement is a
marketing strategy that involves the Internet as a medium to obtain website
traffic and target and deliver marketing messages to the right customers.
online advertisement is geared toward defining markets through unique and
useful applications. the online advertising is also known as Internet
advertising. the online selling is very
useful for us.
5. Broadcast Advertisement
The Broadcast Advertisement are
generated in the Television. The direct broadcast in the Television
Advertisement. very popular advertising medium constitute of several branches
like radio, or the internet . but the television advertisement have been very
popular ever since they have been
introduced.
6. Celebrity Advertisement
The Celebrity Advertisement is
very popular for the 21st century. because people are more and more divert in smarter and modern life. although the audience is getting smarter and smarter
the modern day consumer getting immune to the exaggerated claims made in a
modernity of advertisement , there exist a section of advertisers that still
bank upon celebrities and their popularity for advertising their product. the use
of celebrity advertising , such as well-known athletes and entertainers , to
endorse and promote products, celebrity advertising attempts to associate a
product with the money, popularity fame or appearance of the celebrity. the implied message is that purchasing the
product will enable a consumer to become more like the celebrity.
7. Surrogate Advertisement
The Surrogate Advertisement is
Prominently in cases where advertising a particular product is banned by law.
law for product like Cigarettes or alcohol are injurious to health prohibits
advertising. the Surrogate advertising is a form of advertising which is used
to promote banned products , like the cigarettes and alcohol , in the disguise
of another product. this type of advertising uses a product os a fairly close
category , as a club soda , mineral water in case of alcohol , or product of a
completely different category to hammer the brand name into the heads of
consumers. in India there is a large number of companies doing surrogate
advertising .
8. Covert Advertisement
The Covert
Advertisement it’s kind of Advertising in which a product a particular brand is
incorporated in some entertainment and media channels like Movie, TV , shows or even the sports
channels. the covert advertising refers to advertising that is hidden in other
media such as an actor in a movie drinking a Coca-Cola. it is referred to as “Covert”
because it is not direct advertising , but subliminally viewers often notice
the product.
Conclusion:
To conclude, at last we can say that the advertising more useful for us.
Advertising free media refers to media outlets whose output is not funded or
subsidized by the sale or advertising space. it includes in its scope mass
media entities such as Websites, Television and Radio Networks , and Magazines.
Friday, 18 March 2016
Poor- Rich Divide In Adiga’s The White Tiger
Name: Radha B. Ghevariya
STD: M.A (Sem-4)
Subject : The New Literature
Roll No. : 22
Submitted to : Department of English Maharaja
krishnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar University
Introduction:
Arvind Adiga
is an Indian- Australian Writer and journalist. his debut novel “The White
Tiger” , won the 2008 Man Booker Prize. The White Tiger is singular in its
fictionalized portrayal of the relationship between Balram Halwai and his
master Mr. Ashok. the story exposes the poor-rich divide that surrounds India
in the backdrop of economic prosperity, in the work of the IT evolution. speaking
on the servant-master relationship , Adiga says: (A.J. and
Sebastian)
“The
servant – master system implies two things : one is that the servants are far
poorer than the rich – a servant has no possibility of ever catching up to the
master. and secondly , he has access to the master – the master’s money , the
master’s physical person. yet crime rates in India are very low. even though
the middle class – who often have three or four servants – are paranoid about
crime , the reality is master getting killed by his servant is rare…… you need
two things a divide and a conscious ideology of resentment . we don’t have
resentment in India. the poor just assume that the rich are a fact of life ….
but I think we’re seeing what I believe is a class based resentment for the
first time”(sawhney , 2008)
Title Of
The Novel
“ The
White Tiger” written by Arvind Adiga. Balaram Halwai as a protagonist of the novel. at last he became
the successful entrepreneur. also Balram Halwai
is presented as a modern hero, in the midst of the economic prosperity
of India in the recent past. also we can say that Balram is representative of
the poor in India yearning for their “tomorrow”. also Adiga’s tries to define that his story is a
parable of the new India with a distinctly macabre twist. he is not only an
Entrepreneur but also a roguish criminal remarkably capable of self-justification.
but here, we can define that the background against which he operates is one of
Corruption , Inequality and Poverty.
However, at
last Balram Become the one of the successful Entrepreneur and later on when
Balram becomes an entrepreneur , he names his taxi company “The White Tiger
Drivers”.
Poor – Rich
Divide In ‘The White Tiger’
The novel ‘The White Tiger’
Adiga’s define that the poor and rich divide in the novel. we can see the Aravind
Adiga’s The White Tiger is the story exposes the poor-rich divide that
surrounds India in the backdrop of economic prosperity, in the wake of the IT
revolution.
Adiga is so
pictorial in his description of the protagonist, who plans his crime well in
advance. his disgusting act of spitting repeatedly in the direction of his
village could be a sign of final rejection of everything he holds dear, to
escape from the Rooster coop of misery.
His schooling
in crime begins with the reading of Murder Weekly as all drivers do, to while away
their time.
“of
course , a billion servants are secretly fantasizing about strangling their
bosses – and that’s why the government of India publishes the magazines and
sells it on the streets for just four and a half rupees so that even the poor
can buy it”
He feels
degraded as a human being, deprived of basic human rights to enter a shopping
mall. a poor driver couldn’t enter a mall as he belonged to the poor class. if
he walked into the mall someone would say,
“Hey,
that man is a paid driver ! what’s he doing in here ! “
There were guards in grey uniforms on
every floor – all of them seemed to be watching me. it was my first taste of
the fugitive’s life. Balram reminisces one of the newspaper reports on the
malls , in the malls of new India ? the security guards at these shopping malls
identified the poor wearing sandals let in only those wearing shoes, while a
poor man id sandals was driven out. this made a man in sandals explode “am I
not a human being too?”
He is
educated in the mean ways of the rich which he imbibes himself in course of
time. Balram , a victim of rich-poor divide , reverses the role and becomes
“Master like Servant?” . when he is alone he takes pleasure in masochisms.
He plays the
games people play who cannot reach out to be like the master. he had seen Mr.Ashok enjoying life with girls
, frequenting malls and hotels. out of sheer spite for the rich he serves , he
expresses his frustration in mean acts like those mentioned. his going to the red
light area in search of a prostitute is to satisfy his suppressed revenge as
well.
He searches for strands of golden hair of women who frequently
traveled with Ashok in the car and had sex. he takes pleasure in collecting
every strand of female hair :
“A
standoff golden hair !
I’ve
got it in my desk to this day” (p.222)
The
protagonist confirms that the trustworthiness of servants is the entire Indian
economy. this is a paradox and a mystery of India.
“Because
Indians are the world’s most honest people…….”
Balram wants to escape from the
Rooster coop. having been a witness to all of Ashoke’s corrupt practices an
gambling with money to buy politicians, to kill and to loot, he decides to
steal and kill. Adiga delves deep into his subconscious as he plans to loot
Rs.700,000 stuffed into the red bag.
The money
is sufficient for him to begin a new life with a house of his own, a motorbike
and a small shop. he hatched the murder plan in quick succession :
“The
dream of the rich, and the dreams of the poor – they never overlap , do they ?
see, the poor dream all their lives of getting enough to eat and looking like
the rich. and what do the rich dream of ? losing weight and looking like the
poor”(Ibidem, p.22 )
Balram’s
comment on the two puddles of red spat out by a paan chewing driver, discloses
his mental frame:
The left-hand puddle of spit seemed to say:
|
But the right-hand puddle of split seemed to say:
|
Your father wanted you to be an honest man
|
Your father wanted to be a man
|
Mr. Ashok does not hit you or spit on you, you people did to
your father.
|
Mr. Ashok made you take the blame when his wife killed that
child on the road.
|
Mr. Ashok plays you well, 4,000 rupees a month. He has been
raising your salary without your even asking.
|
This is a pittance. You live in a city. What do you save?
Nothing.
|
Remember what the Buffalo did to his servant’s family. Mr.
Ashok will ask his father to do the same to your family once you run away.
|
The very fact that Mr. Ashok threatens your family makes your
blood boil!
|
To wind up :
The novel is an
excellent social commentary on the poor-rich divide in India. Balram represents
the downtrodden section of our society juxtaposed against the rich . Deirdre
Donahue labels the white tiger an angry novel about injustice and power which
creates merciless thugs among whom only the ruthless can survive. however, the
white tiger should make every righ thinking citizen to read the signs of the
time and be socially conscious of the rights and duties to each one , irrespective
of caste , creed or economic status, to prevent create the type of Ashok and
Balram in our society.
Works Cited
A.J.
and Sebastian. "Poor-RichDivide in Arvind Adiga's "The White
Tiger"." Journal Of Alternative Perspectives in the social
science Vo.1 , Vo.2 (2009): 229-245.
Wednesday, 16 March 2016
Representation of Woman in African literature ?
Name: Radha B. Ghevariya
STD: M.A (Sem-4)
Subject : The African Literature
Roll No. : 22
Submitted to : Department of English Maharaja
krishnkumarsinhji Bhavnagar University
Introduction:
The Representation of women in
African literature play vital role in African literature also portrayed women
in different shades. incomplete and inaccurate female characters littered early
African works.
The study of women characters,
portrayed in African colonized literature is an interesting, with that one can
know human nature of colonizing marginalizing or making other race gender
religion subaltern. does African culture do the same with their women ? do they
also colonizing women ? how is she portrayed in African literature how is it
capturing their woman characters and men’s behavior with them?
The Swamp Dwellers
“ The Swamp Dwellers”
written by Wole Soyinka . Akinwande oluwole ‘wole’ Soyinka is a Nigerian
writer, notable especially as a playwright and poet; he was awarded the 1986
noble; prize in literature ; the first person in Africa and the diaspora to be
so honoured.
“The Swamp Dwellers” by wole
Soyinka is placed in backward village of Nigeria in the Delta region. but the
character of the play often have important interaction with the town life .
because we can see the young man went for the city life because they have to
hope and desire. so called the “Gifts of Colonialization” . here we can say
that,
“All
Temptation in whole the world”
However, the play focuses the
struggle between the old and the new ways of the life in Africa. ‘The Swamp
Dwellers’ examines the suffering and hardships of the people living in Nigeria
Dealta . this story focuses on the society operating through modification
between the city and country. although there are many characters in the play.
the woman characters like Alu, Desala etc,.. the female character of Alu. Alu as a wife of Makuri and mother of Igwezu and
Awuchike. she was 60 years old. also her ideas and believes in the custom of
the Swamp. and more concern about Awuchike . Alu is traditionalist,
“Tradition
is a belief or behavior passed down within group or society with symbolic meaning
or special significant with origin in the past”
So, here we can say that she replaced
her identity as a traditionalist. the character of Desala. she does not appears
in the play. but she is spoken off. she is the embodiment of the corrupt nature
of the city life. Desala marries Igwezu. Igwezu later becomes poor owing to bad
return from his business. Desala found Awuchike prospering in his business. so,
Desala leaves Igwezu and marries
Awuchike. so it shows how African city life has become morally void. also she
leaves in modern life so change in society . also we can see the play shows
village life and city life so here, it shows the village life connected with
the tradition and the city life connected with modernity.
However, we can find that his
family tie with Desala is so strong that she even leaves her instances of
powerful family bond in Soyinka’s . the
swamp dwellers , parents and Ignores the socio-cultural practice to win
the love of Desala . he shows honesty to his love and beloved by shifting
himself from the swamp to her urban. in a dialogue Alu reveals secret :
“Alu : she
(Desala) made him (Awuchike) promise to take her there (the city) before she
would wed him”
At last we can say that female
characters have not their own identity or story to be called or celebrated .
but they are always portrayed as less heroic than men and in periphery.
A Grain of Wheat
“ A Grain of Wheat” is
a novel by Kenya novelist Ngugi Wa Thiogo. the novel weaves together several
stories set during the state of emergency in kenya’s struggle for independence
focusing on the quite Mugo, whose life is ruled by a dark secret.
Though being a political
narrative the presence of women to strengthen the quality and reality of the
novel is undeniable.
Ngugi wa thiogo through the
depiction of the ideal patriotic women pays great tribute to the African women
especially in those dark days. the strength and courage of certain black women
is incontestable in relating the fight for freedom. Ngugi wa thiogo through the character of Wambai and Mumbi
clearly shows as that though the men were ighting openly , the war led by the
women was as much important as theirs.
However, also we can see the
character of Wambai’s “ now famous drama at the worker’ strike in 1950,
“how
through her words and the common action of women they had revived the strength of men”
There is also the comic episode of how
Wambui “once carried a pistol tied to her things near the gronis”. where behind
the comic account of the incident.
Here, we can say that ngugi wa
thiogo portrays the courage and role of
women in freedom fighting. also he wants to demonstrate that of African
women had not been such an inner force , Kenya would have never been what it is
to-day.
The character of Mumbi. the argument
is illustrated by Mumbi’s inner force during the emergency period. she is in
fact the character who depicts the ideal African women according to Ngugi wa
thiogo. strong , beautiful. both and father more mother of a child, her
strength during that period. if far than admirable,
“in the
end, she tied a belt around her waist and took on a man’s work”
The novel “ Grain of Wheat” in the
chapter 7 Ngugi wa thiogo light on the sensual woman. ngugi wa thiogo as a
writer of protest literature wants to demonstrate to what extent the African
woman can prove to be both anmanly and take the role of men when need be
through being portrayed as very strong ,
one specific character of the African woman according to the author is the
ability to play a completely different role which is that of the submissive
woman or rather wife.
“Things Fall Apart”
Chinua Achebe is one of
the africa’s most well- known and influential contemporary writers. his first
novel ‘things fall apart’ is an early narrative about the European colonization
of Africa told from the point of view of the colonized people. the novel
recounts the life of warrior and village hero Okonkwo , and describes the
arrival of white missionaries to his Ibo village and their impact on African
life and society at the end of the 19th century.
Chinua Achebe’s novel Things Fall Apart(TFA)
requires an attentive and unbiased reading of the novel. At first glance,
the women in TFA may seem to be an oppressed group with power, and this
characterization is true to some extent. However, this characterization of Ibo
women reveals itself to be prematurely simplistic as well as limiting, once the
reader uncovers the diverse roles of the Ibo women throughout the novel. An
excellent example of powerful women in the Ibo village is found in the role
they play in the Ibo religion. The women routinely perform the role of
priestess. The narrator recalls that during Okonkwo’s boyhood,
“the priestess in those days was a woman called Chika. She
was full of the
power of her god, and she was greatly feared”
The novel describes two instances when
Okonkwo beats his second wife, once when she did not come home to make his
meal. He beat her severely and was punished but only because he beat her during
the Week of Peace. He beat her again when she referred to him as one of those
"guns that never shot." When a severe case of wife beating comes
before the egwugwu, he found in favor of the wife., but at the end of the
trial a man wondered "why such a trifle should come before the
egwugwu."
Waiting For The
Barbarians 
J.M.Coetzee was born and raised
in south Africa . he is one of the most highly honored contemporary writers.
this novel contains several characters as given below;
v the magistrate
v colonel joll
v the girl
v the boy
v officer mandel
v old man
v mai
The novel “waiting for the
barbarians” is about morality and violence and about exploring human cruelty.
it challenges humanity in several ways. it focuses on the impact of fear in
human psyche and impact realism’s self- destructive person.
Barbarian
girl is a prisoner of Colonel Joll’s but after their release she is left
behind by her folk in the outpost, begging, semi-blinded and disfigured from
the torture. This symbolizes in extremes that how people can be transformed to
be perceived as the other by an ideology and how the normal can turned out to
be abnormal by the system.Relationship
between the Magistrate and the barbarian girl.
she will always stay as the other, both
as a barbarian in the eye of the Empire and as carrying the marks of the
Empire in her uncanny body, in the eyes of her folk.
Barbarian girl blinded and crippled by
the Third Bureau, she is left behind by her people and taken in by the
Magistrate. as a prostitute— she lives and works in the inn, visited by the
Magistrate. also she represented the Two conscripts and a guide— they travel
with the Magistrate to return the girl to her people, they give testimony
against him to the Third Bureau.
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